tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17853157376473620882024-03-28T12:43:17.543+05:30SimplyLinuxFAQ!Linux How-To's, Tips, Tricks, Scripts, Download help links and many more..SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.comBlogger54125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-52796821725481304772024-03-14T20:53:00.006+05:302024-03-15T14:32:49.793+05:30 SUSE Manager - The Linux Manager (a quick look) <div><br /></div><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-797b69d1-7fff-72e4-a664-96f21d48c8ff"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: large; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b><i>“Manage any Linux, anywhere”</i></b></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> is the current theme of </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SUSE Manager.</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> This is the one stop solution to manage a complete Linux estate. Yes, </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SUSE Manager is a complete lifecycle manager for any Linux distribution</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> It doesn’t matter which Linux distro is that, it could be Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS or Ubuntu or Oracle Enterprise Linux etc, all could be easily managed using SUSE Manager, whether it is on-premise or on edge or in cloud. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Uyuni (a fork of Spacewalk, based on SaltStack)</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> is the upstream for SUSE Manager </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">4</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> and later releases. "Spacewalk" was used earlier. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 380px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="390" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/J3VBIP0wD9dAFBetajBvVq8-StVoR1WvMy2Ju3BwPf5UHQbImdVnnCrjow0QjXpLcuhlMvX6osyNICAUlgMJ0G2eHhTfxFf8fzQ8ICz702iCPCUwE0USXz4EBsZ8Na5VXvSW5OjaLozbZpLo_EPC6aI=w640-h390" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="640" /></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"><span></span><span></span></span></p><!--more--><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span><p></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Why SUSE Manager?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SUSE Manager enables to manage complex sets of Linux systems and keep them up-to-date, with automated software management, asset management, system provisioning and many more. SUSE Manager allows to maintain a high level of security while effectively managing system life-cycle requirements.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SUSE Manager which is fondly called as SUMA is a perfect solution to manage a Linux server farm. This offers a single pane of glass view to effectively manage, monitor, patch, audit, deploy and mitigate security vulnerabilities keeping the estate green with in-built automation capabilities which is delivered by Salt modules (can get integrated with other popular infra automation tools such as Ansible and others) across cloud, on-premises and edge. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What are the key features of SUSE Manager?</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Automated System Deployment & Management </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Patch Management & Automation</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Service Pack Application</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Subscription Management</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Configuration Maintenance</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Compliance Management & Auditing</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Manage Docker/Container Images</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">System Monitoring & Reporting</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What are the core components that make up the SUSE Manager? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">→ SUSE Manager Server (Salt Master) : </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Salt Master is a daemon that runs on the SUSE Manager Server. This is the configuration management server for all the Salt Minions. Inside the Salt Master there is a chunk of code known as "mgr_events". </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">→ Tomcat :</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Tomcat reacts to Salt Events which are the results of Salt Minions executing commands issued from the Salt Master. The SUMA Web UI is also implemented in Tomcat.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">→ Salt API :</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> The Salt Application Programming Interface (API) serves as a connector between Tomcat and the Salt Master and between the Taskomatic process and the Salt Master.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">→ Salt Minion : </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Client agent, works on commands from Salt Master.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">→ ZeroMQ(0MQ) :</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> An Open-Source messaging library designed to connect disparate parts of any distributed systems.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">→ Cobbler :</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Used for bare metal deployment of client OS.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">→ Kiwi : </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Kiwi is a command line tool written in Perl that is used to build Linux OS images in any number of supported formats.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What are the officially supported* clients in SUSE Manager? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- SLES </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">15/12</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (both traditional & salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">15, 12 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(both traditional & salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- SLE Micro (only salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- openSUSE Leap </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">15 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(both traditional & salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- SUSE Liberty Linux </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">9, 8, 7</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (only salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server ES</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 8, 7</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (only salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9, 8, 7 (only salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- AlmaLinux </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">9, 8</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (only salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Amazon Linux</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(only salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- CentOS </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">7 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(both traditional & salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Debian </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">12, 11, 10 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(only salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Oracle Linux </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">9, 8, 7</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (only salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Rocky Linux </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">9, 8</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (only salt clients)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Ubuntu </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">22.04, 20.04</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (only salt clients)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Other important points about SUSE Manager</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- SUSE Manager can be either set up or built as an extension while installing SLES</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">15 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">servers or as part of the post installation. Also offers ISO images which could be used.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“spacecmd”</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> is the command line interface for interacting with SUSE Manager.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- The default database used in SUSE Manager is </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“PostgreSQL” </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">which could be either internal or external. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“Salt Open”</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> is used for configuration management, remote execution & orchestration inside SUSE Manager. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- In SUSE Manager </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">4.1 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">and later versions, <b><i>Yomi</i></b> </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(yet one more installer) </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">can be used as part of provisioning new clients, as an alternative to <b><i>AutoYaST.</i></b> </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">is a Salt-based installer for SUSE and openSUSE operating systems. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">References: <a href="https://documentation.suse.com/suma/4.3/">https://documentation.suse.com/suma/4.3/</a> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">*at the time of writing</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-30750796242884564652023-12-04T17:48:00.014+05:302023-12-06T13:47:39.325+05:30OpenStack Is On The Raise - Part1<div><br /></div><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-4d29facb-7fff-6d6e-b79f-9e54a1554141"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 216px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 217px;"><img height="216" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/LngF_c9AsW-9YFz0In8fuxVUTcDrNz831T3j0XZTc5OgS9SIuduXH8cSrZGSsuVgPSRX4-Gzq9Jbqi8C971FAVKKtDMI-5FI1KS9FOBY_KOVPMVBfDhxK8zPMX8W80v5ikkeSgfhUuhgo0NEmc_xRUM" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="217" /></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Well, someone said OpenStack is fading out and its presence in the industry is shrinking day by day. Agree, that was a long time ago and we need to rephrase that statement saying ‘most of the organizations are using or wish to use OpenStack’ now. The industrial trends and analysis points to OpenStack adoption in Hybrid Cloud space as one of the major cloud software’s. As enterprises try to be more secure and comply with the country wide norms & regulations the inclination towards OpenStack or alternative technology has become aggressive. So, in this blog page I’m trying to punch in the points and driving factors for enterprises in adopting OpenStack cloud solutions on broader perspective. <span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 287px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 298px;"><img height="287" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/4AdthVsl8QwDUX12zh0WOkq9CNS5_knLpGwdx0pvGCmwNOUH8LJ9RqozMIhKLWaqZUi8bW4ugyeVX84JYPm3-XSyA34MhJBSAACXqXAt8O1KShZSY5eC3AQXqguMExJJ86p5_J_6vGjX60OI9VFIZmI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="298" /></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Btw, before we get into the artifacts which are influencing OpenStack or similar technology in the market, let’s understand a bit of OpenStack first. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #fcff01; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What is OpenStack? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Definition from openstack.org </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OpenStack is a cloud operating system that controls large pools of compute, storage, and networking resources throughout a datacenter, all managed through a dashboard that gives administrators control while empowering their users to provision resources through a web interface.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OpenStack is open source software for building clouds. It is programmable infrastructure that allows users to have one platform for virtual machines, containers and bare metal. It is an open cloud computing platform founded by <b>NASA & Rackspace</b> in </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2010</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, now managed by <b>OpenStack Foundation,</b> established in </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2012</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 513px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="513" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/jkXpWtsp2R47BjfOY0PrTZnSh18U28LqWc-b7PqLZlU-0ZfpkMVLO-bZwnB-d3Q8MpzzlbLcKcdwO6IBx18PLWA2F9_0mxQFBvChYkHX9QNbSFxeqKwzj4X5F9E-5WNAX91ctrNpNu5pBknK60BLDzA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #fcff01; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What are the driving factors of OpenStack adoption? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">If we look at the primary factors which are favoring the OpenStack adoption when compared to other alternatives available, we could list down them as given below:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Most Widely Deployed </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Open Source Cloud Software</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> in the World.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">OpenStack is open: </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">OpenStack embraces the four <b>Os</b> which are: <b>O</b>pen Source,<b> O</b>pen Design, <b>O</b>pen Development & <b>O</b>pen Community.</span></p></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Primary business driver for adoption of OpenStack is </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">cost </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">compared to public cloud*.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Security & Compliance:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Regional data or regulatory compliances which go hand-in-hand with security is another major driving factor for the adoption of OpenStack and its trends. </span><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 180px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 469px;"><img height="180" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/TT3lE4ZByj7FOSrjKSGPDTuobmg00RbVnSFzUL3_9tHiwYBXBmrLDtjPAEVrEDBu5G_Iw1q_p9pG26wK4uufItMnMNO3lb0AWjGbxXqJU97uTPxXvgbyhTCBZ7QbMHEeoMWnBJqhcMHHvhkjakrmp8c" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="469" /></span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">A wider community & sponsorship</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">: It is well supported and sponsored by large enterprises such as </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">IBM, AT & T, Ubuntu, SUSE, Red Hat, Intel, Rackspace, Hawaii</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> and many more. </span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">cloud repatriation</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> trend is another driving factor for more enterprises to look into OpenStack cloud or alternative*.</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #fcff01; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Why should i choose OpenStack? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">You likely know an OpenStack user or vendor without even realizing it; half of the Fortune </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">100 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">uses OpenStack. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OpenStack is trusted to manage </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">40 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Million+ cores around the world, across dozens of industries. </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">References: </span><a href="https://www.openstack.org/user-survey/2022-user-survey-report" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://www.openstack.org/user-survey/2022-user-survey-report</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Its global business grows at the CAGR of </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">29</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">%: Based on the report by Market Research Future, OpenStack continues to grow at the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">29</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">%. Its global business, including solutions and services, is expected to reach $8M in </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2023. </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">References</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">: </span><a href="https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/openstack-service-market-5778" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/openstack-service-market-5778</span></a></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #fcff01; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What are the common use cases of OpenStack? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">1</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Private Clouds:</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Private cloud distributions run on OpenStack can provide more substantial benefits than private clouds built using custom code. IDC evaluated the value of Red Hat OpenStack Platform for private clouds and found that organizations realized annual benefits of $</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">6.81</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> million.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">: The technology which can logically create similar networking routers, switches on the software layer with the same impact as hardware component is another big factor which influences the OpenStack adoption and use cases.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Public Clouds & Hosting:</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> OpenStack is the leading open source option for building public cloud environments. Whether your company is a multibillion-dollar publicly traded enterprise or a startup, you can use OpenStack to set up public clouds with services that compete with major public cloud providers.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">4</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Containers: </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OpenStack is a stable foundation for public and private clouds. Containers speed up application delivery while simplifying application deployment and management. Running containers on OpenStack can scale containers' benefits from single, siloed teams to enterprise-wide interdepartmental operations.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">More use cases and references : </span><a href="https://www.openstack.org/use-cases/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://www.openstack.org/use-cases/</span></a></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #fcff01; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OpenStack availability & key organizations in the OpenStack service market</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OpenStack is developed and released around 6-month cycles</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. After the initial release, additional stable point releases will be released in each release series. The OpenStack project is provided under the Apache </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2.0 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">license. The project is supported by the </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OpenInfra Foundation</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Latest stable (</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">as of now*</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) OpenStack release is named </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bobcat </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">with the initial release dated </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2023-10-04</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> [ </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">next release which is in development: </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Caracal </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(SLURP) (Skip Level Upgrade Release Process)</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">]. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">References: </span><a href="https://releases.openstack.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://releases.openstack.org/</span></a><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> & </span><a href="https://www.openstack.org/software/openstack-bobcat" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://www.openstack.org/software/openstack-bobcat</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">OpenStack Distros</span></span>: </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">There are a many distributions available and maintained by different organization as listed below which are actively developing solutions with collaboration from </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OpenInfra Foundation,</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b> </b>some of them offers commercial OpenStack distributions as well:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-style: italic;">Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP)</b> <i>by</i><b style="font-style: italic;"> Red Hat</b></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Virtuozzo Hybrid Infrastructure</b></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>VMware Integrated OpenStack</b></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Canonical’s Charmed OpenStack</b></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Debian OpenStack </b></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Mirantis OpenStack for Kubernetes </b></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-style: italic;">FusionSphere OpenStack </b><i>by</i><b style="font-style: italic;"> Huawei </b></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">FishOS </i><i>by</i><i style="font-weight: bold;"> Sardina Systems</i></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>WhiteCloud OpenStack</b></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>OSISM Distro</b></span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>DevStack </b></span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">Public Cloud Providers based on OpenStack</span></span>: </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Some of the popular public service providers globally are listed below:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Open Telekom Cloud: </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Open Telekom Cloud is an international large-scale public OpenStack Powered Platform from Deutsche Telekom supported and operated by T-Systems out of Europe. </span><a href="https://open-telekom-cloud.com/en" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://open-telekom-cloud.com/en</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OVH Public Cloud: </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">OVH is a major player in the cloud market with a large public cloud built on 8 regions catering to customer needs. </span><a href="https://www.ovh.com/public-cloud/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://www.ovh.com/public-cloud/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">VEXXHOST Public Cloud: </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">VEXXHOST is an established hosting company specialized in providing public cloud computing services that are delivered using the OpenStack projects.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://vexxhost.com/public-cloud/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://vexxhost.com/public-cloud/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">China Unicom Cloud:</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> China Unicom Cloud is founded by China Unicom to operate IDC and cloud computing business over China. </span><a href="https://www.chinaunicomglobal.com/eu/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://www.chinaunicomglobal.com/eu/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Binero Public Cloud: </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Binero delivers public and managed cloud services based on OpenStack, produced in Sweden in compliance with both EU and local regulations. </span><a href="https://binero.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://binero.com/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">NIPA - Enterprise Public Cloud:</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> OpenStack powered public cloud by <b>NIPA </b>to serve Thailand and South East Asia region. </span><a href="https://nipa.cloud/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://nipa.cloud/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ORockCloud:</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><a href="https://orocktech.com/orockcloud/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://orocktech.com/orockcloud/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Infomaniak Public Cloud: </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Infomaniak Public Cloud is a High Performance OpenStack IaaS solution in Switzerland. </span><a href="https://www.infomaniak.com/en/hosting/public-cloud" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://www.infomaniak.com/en/hosting/public-cloud</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Next part: </b>Covers the challenges, learning options, key organization behind OpenStack, stay tuned!</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-89993738692254988022023-11-04T20:48:00.005+05:302023-11-20T17:11:47.903+05:30SUSE in Container Orchestration<div><br /></div><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-2e83f2a9-7fff-ea1d-5604-700b60b9b8db" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 151px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 157px;"><img height="151" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/ZIb1JMR-J4BLDUlH2NY4Ojr03aRRFoZQqXwImrFR7JXI3Q05Lnq3B_990-BQGm-rxBhAUqKbfiDHMhK-jzKyPTWcoiX2odPDjT5vzgdmqF-g1LGV2CjYQ-NNOV0zk62EVZVlkUtQgNrmULWtfgyNPUI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="157" /></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes, </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SUSE </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">being one of the top Linux open source software distributors has made a tremendous contribution in the </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Container Orchestration</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> space with open source Kubernetes on the bottom layer. The story of SUSE's Container Orchestration journey kicked off after its acquisition of <b>Rancher Labs</b> (in the year </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2020*</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 111px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 193px;"><img height="111" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/tAOGdRvr9a5l4Vcls0klSA3_uKGbWZHWFcOrNXbwcNM6cv5p4QTQFi2ljismLV6DjmQmX9Z7cK8K7HAct62rfMyBiIDK8mKhIhryj55DnBuRL3HtJ8Sh8qAP99UWRJUA3tsnhUBAvSsxGLeFUCjPZ5k" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="193" /></span>) which was one the leading Container Orchestration distributions in the world. As of now, SUSE Rancher is one of the widely used Container Orchestration platforms around the world, The Red Hat OpenShift, VMware Tanzu, Hasicorp Nomad, Docker Swarm, Apache Mesos etc, are some of the other leading Container Orchestration platforms available in market. Lets not forget the Container Orchestration options available from the hyperscalers such as Microsoft's AKS (Azure Kubernetes Service), Google's GKE (Google Kubernetes Engine), AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) etc,. which are considered as Managed Container Orchestration Tools. <span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What do we have from SUSE for container orchestration? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SUSE currently offers & develops the below list of Kubernetes (K8s) distributions which are </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">open source and driven by community:</span><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 120px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 253px;"><img height="95" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Kkfr7r6YYkk4gw6Hu_VrhunfLS5p0G571_VnfTUSVuUoW5Yoyw1rGD66YpIvukdjzUpB96g-Ux_NthVMW-MG9CDRjGL8rkDsOiRZU1HVaAOhTv-2JStXrMuWWBzzCd5gbHm60mYf3e29BZLsd0rsoMM=w200-h95" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="200" /></span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Rancher Kubernetes Engine (RKE)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Rancher Kubernetes Engine</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> (RKE</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">K</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">S (Lightweight Rancher Kubernetes distro)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Rancher</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 111px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 277px;"><img height="80" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/uafmT00WgcAXAok51HFA4ijJHgKcar2DRN5sXZ5nKsIuBNIeTHDc71pM7Mww186gTHtF52hG6DZxdNtelkAyn8BdheY2U4AfxOBgEzxX3EpCbUowE78ZSdfW8jpxubJ23Xj71Jl3SX824W7b6-IVSf0=w200-h80" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="200" /></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Advantages or benefits of the above open source Rancher Kubernetes distros:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">open source and no cost involved</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">easy deployment </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">vendor independence </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">integrated with kubectl and rke tools</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">CNCF certified </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">IoT and Edge deployments (K</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">S)</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">On other hand SUSE offers the following </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">flagship Rancher commercial versions</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">:</span><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 120px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 336px;"><img height="120" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/OY9f1x8Dw8LDlm6cdgLIG-CXXMEw8VIOHEvb-xBliWe7Hzz2vfHc3SUUaXPtWgIErpx8Xuv8jH9wmC5Ch-MWsxKpYi172R4Y68ot2WC7wcK6SrtAzDWhsyZS32jLSgj39Pn3Y0aXD128su1ytv8dEOM" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="336" /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">1</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Rancher Prime </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Rancher Prime Hosted</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Advantages or benefits of the above premier Rancher Kubernetes distros:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Dedicated round the clock support</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Day </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">2 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Support & Support Posture Assessment</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scale on Demand</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">CNCF certified</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Easy to onboard & integrate Hybrid and Multi Cloud workloads</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Unified GUI interface</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Glimpse of RKE, RKE</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> & K</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">S</span></p><br /><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 12.75pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="128"></col><col width="185"></col><col width="220"></col><col width="169"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">RKE</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">RKE</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">K</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">S</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What is it?</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SUSE’s traditional K8s distro</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- SUSE's nextgen hardened K8s distro. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">RKE</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> was formerly known as RKE Government.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- FIPS </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">140-2 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">compliance enabled</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SUSE’s lightweight K8s distro.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Is CNCF Certified? </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Runtime engine</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">docker</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">containerd </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">containerd </span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Runs as a systemd service?</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">No</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Other features</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Runs entirely on docker & offers full K8s experience.</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Focuses on security & compliance.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Used in high secure data centers. </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Used in Edge & IoT space.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Lightweight deployment use cases. </span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CNI Plugins*</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Canal (default), Flannel, Calico and Weave</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Canal (default), Cillium, Calico and Multus</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Flannel </span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Default Config File</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">/etc/rancher/rke/cluster.yml</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">/etc/rancher/rke2/config.yml</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #040c28; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">/etc/rancher/k</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #040c28; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3</span><span style="color: #040c28; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">s/config.yml</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Default Database</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">etcd</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">etcd</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #040c28; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SQlite </span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Download link</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://github.com/rancher/rke/releases" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://github.com/rancher/rke/releases</span></a><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://get.rke2.io" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://get.rke2.io</span></a><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://get.k3s.io/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://get.k3s.io/</span></a><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">So, RKE</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> is functionally K</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">S + Additional Security + HA & is built on-top of K</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">S. </span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“Rancher is a complete software stack for teams adopting containers. It addresses the operational and security challenges of managing multiple Kubernetes clusters across any infrastructure, while providing DevOps teams with integrated tools for running containerized workloads” [ </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">from </span><a href="https://www.rancher.com/why-rancher" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://www.rancher.com/why-rancher</span></a><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> ]</span></p><img height="147" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/pgtSQTrXdO3QSCc6zDbrz7JpexGxOAST0yfuhYsFR7x20fFzVrBth01-D2MXcGqpGZTbtnRcFyt0f1aZWBr-0N8HTK61bqjgy-UsOU2bVqHUtMlCwL5wlvNcCDbHvrvZrMuSIksRwMYdPdDAv3D5vwo" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify; white-space-collapse: preserve;" width="371" /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rancher is :</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">1- capable of provisioning K8s from a hosted provider </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2- can provision a compute nodes and install K8s on them</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3- capable of importing existing K8s cluster from anywhere</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Glimpse of Rancher, Rancher Prime & Rancher Prime Hosted</span></p><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 12.75pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="128"></col><col width="185"></col><col width="220"></col><col width="169"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rancher</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rancher Prime</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rancher Prime Hosted</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What is it?</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The community’s favorite Kubernetes management platform</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">An enterprise grade K8s distribution from SUSE Rancher. </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The premium white-glove service for managing Rancher Prime which is a SaaS solution. </span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Is CNCF Certified? </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Is support offered from SUSE? </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">No, as it is community driven. </span></p><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rancher Knowledgebase: Onboarding, Training & Enablement</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Only basic documentation and training</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Extended documentation & reference architectures.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Day 2 Support & Support Posture Assessment</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Extended documentation & reference architectures.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Day 2 Support & Support Posture Assessment</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rancher for the Edge</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Yes</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Other notable features</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Get invited to Customer Advisory Boards & involve in Rancher roadmap. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Certified & Supported Rancher UI Extensions</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #040c28; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Start with day 2 operations</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #040c28; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Scale on Demand</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #040c28; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Get invited to Customer Advisory Boards & involve in Rancher roadmap. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #040c28; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Certified & Supported Rancher UI Extensions</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">References:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://www.suse.com/news/suse-completes-rancher-acquisition/">https://www.suse.com/news/suse-completes-rancher-acquisition/</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://www.rancher.com/products/rancher">https://www.rancher.com/products/rancher</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kubernetes_logo_without_workmark.svg">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kubernetes_logo_without_workmark.svg</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://www.rancher.com/brand-guidelines">https://www.rancher.com/brand-guidelines</a></span></p><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-70216950038807283472023-02-27T14:27:00.000+05:302023-02-27T14:27:22.102+05:30AI And Automation In Cybersecurity And Threat Detection<div><br /></div><div><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 257px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 351px;"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_EIPV81h52RVDuNValQMX5Lvj6HHaec3xDo6FlI3F67B0rKklEhdsS3xO3-ZIl1QSKfWLynshS20mmW53KtCD_MSMfX2gB1ELzEx_FZLdtzLRayLlZOilz7pQYUVK8FACf2bivCFwzONxYJU0fj47Nc=s16000" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" /></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-8f72fe5e-7fff-2a7b-731a-c461e6c28db5"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 21pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">rtificial Intelligence and automation are rapidly transforming the cybersecurity landscape, bringing new tools and techniques to the forefront of threat detection. These technologies are helping organizations to quickly identify and respond to security threats, reducing the risk of data breaches, and improving the overall security posture. In this article, we will explore the role of AI and automation in cybersecurity and threat detection, and how these technologies are helping organizations stay ahead of the curve in the fight against cybercrime.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How AI Is Used In Cyber Threat Identification?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 272px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 190px;"><img height="272" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/PPVkaWAD4er-V8KvAKDNvW1SvULGYvsv5fOSZAyMnVJNXw-o1cHn6aqWcsuvhQMfVQ2pJETElqeyzWQn-9E4wBDCPjpYjvTD1DKXFn18UlgOr15DjxEGM4UHJSwIPy1TJHkbyE-Lw7Idfx2EeFbSJAg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="190" /></span>AI algorithms are used in cyber threat identification by analyzing large amounts of data to detect anomalies and identify potential security threats. These technologies can automate the process of monitoring networks and systems for signs of attack, and can quickly identify patterns and behaviors that are indicative of malicious activity.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In addition to improving the speed and accuracy of threat detection, AI can also help organizations prioritize their response efforts by identifying which threats are most critical and require immediate attention. By automating the process of identifying security threats, organizations can free up human workers to focus on more complex and strategic activities. It’s important to note that using the </span><a href="https://www.vpnblade.com/vpn-for-chat-gpt/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">best VPN for ChatGPT</span></a><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> can also enhance the security of data transmitted over the internet and can play an important role in protecting against cyber threats. The use of a reliable VPN service can help organizations ensure that their data remains secure and private, even when it is transmitted over public networks.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How Is AI Threat To Cyber Security?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AI has the potential to pose a threat to cybersecurity in several ways:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Algorithm Bias: AI algorithms can learn and replicate biases that are present in the data they are trained on. This can result in biased or unfair decision-making, leading to security risks and vulnerabilities.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Adversarial AI: Adversarial AI refers to the use of AI by attackers to evade or manipulate security systems. For example, attackers can use AI algorithms to generate malicious code that can bypass traditional security measures.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. AI Black Box: AI algorithms can be difficult to understand and interpret, making it challenging to assess their accuracy and trustworthiness. This can make it difficult to identify and mitigate security risks and vulnerabilities.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Security Vulnerabilities in AI Systems: AI systems can contain security vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit. For example, attackers can target vulnerabilities in machine learning models, cloud-based AI systems, and other AI-powered technologies.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Data Privacy Concerns: AI algorithms require large amounts of data to train and operate, and this data can contain sensitive information that must be protected. The storage, processing, and transfer of this data can pose significant privacy and security risks.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What Role Can Artificial Intelligence AI Play In Cybersecurity?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Artificial Intelligence plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of cybersecurity efforts. AI algorithms can be trained to detect and respond to cyber threats in real-time, automate vulnerability assessments, and identify and prevent fraudulent activities. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These capabilities can help organizations stay ahead of emerging threats and better protect sensitive information and assets.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To further enhance the protection of sensitive information and communication, organizations can implement a </span><a href="https://www.highspeedvpn.info/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fast speed VPN solution</span></a><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to utilize AI in their cybersecurity efforts. However, it is important for organizations to carefully consider the risks and limitations of AI technologies and implement appropriate security measures to ensure their safe and effective use.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How Is AI In Cyber Security Being Improved?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Artificial Intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity is constantly being improved through ongoing research and development efforts. Here are some ways in which AI in cybersecurity is being improved: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">● Advancements in Machine Learning: Machine learning algorithms are being improved to provide more accurate and efficient threat detection and response.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">● Integration with other technologies: AI is being integrated with other technologies such as big data and cloud computing to provide a more comprehensive view of security threats and improve threat response.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">● Better Data Management: Improvements in data management techniques, such as data normalization and feature selection, are being used to improve the accuracy of AI</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Models.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">● Improved User Interfaces: User-friendly interfaces are being developed to make it easier for security professionals to use AI tools and interpret the results.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">● Increased Transparency: Researchers are working to make AI algorithms more transparent and interpretable so that organizations can better understand how AI models make decisions and take appropriate actions.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Overall, AI in cybersecurity is being improved to provide better and faster threat detection, improve the accuracy and efficiency of threat response, and provide a more comprehensive view of security threats.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conclusion - AI And Automation In Cybersecurity And Threat Detection</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AI and automation have greatly enhanced the capabilities of cybersecurity and threat detection. They enable faster and more accurate identification of threats and vulnerabilities, as well as improved response times. However, they also present new challenges, such as the potential for malicious actors to use AI for their own purposes and the need to ensure that AI systems are transparent and unbiased. Overall, AI and automation are valuable tools in the fight against cyber threats, but they must be used carefully and with appropriate safeguards in place. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guest post by: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stefan Damon</span></p><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-910318555679484742022-09-25T15:13:00.002+05:302023-12-19T14:19:09.806+05:30Deploy Single Node K8s Cluster Using K3s In 2 Minutes<span id="docs-internal-guid-3999a0a1-7fff-f362-d8d2-c987a2c59b50"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Yes</span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, deploying a single node Kubernetes cluster using K3s is easy, fast and hassle free. On top of all these K3s is meant for light weight K8s workloads hence it doesn't need much system resources. Anyone who wishes to learn K8s and practice using </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kubectl</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> could get the K3s deployed on a VM running with 4 GB and practice. The deployment process of K3s is so simple, it is hardly a matter of running 3/4 commands. The Kubernetes single node cluster would be ready to practice in 2 minutes.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 191px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 364px;"><img height="203" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ph760I56o3vlPow-iRBbVUJTay1nUY64O0cv9F2xBRTRSqzbfo2zcved300Y5uqVBCdJezupXTZbCtNscjrUnoUI8L9H_QiW_gqRiGDhN5iReURgFllIQdYFhy-mpFJF_fOsp9cgRrJTTndv6_YgHnpw7ayeRAPlFGSMiKjKr1EZaPYA9qj73rGDpA=w388-h203" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="388" /></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #04ff00; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">K3s</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #04ff00; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is a Lightweight Certified Kubernetes Distribution from SUSE</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff00fe; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">which is open source. Similarly, there is </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RKE</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Rancher Kubernetes Engine) and </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RKE2</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which are also different flavors by SUSE under the open source umbrella. However, </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SUSE Rancher</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is the SUSE's flagship and commercial version which supports management of different K8s clusters which can be onboarded from cloud, on-premises or even deploying new K8s setup on bare metal, cloud, or on-premises environments. We can truly call it as K8s Orchestration. <span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #01ffff; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is no abbreviation for K3s.</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Just to reflect the simplicity of it and its lesser footprint it is called K3s. This is what is defined in the Rancher.com site for K3s:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 120px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="120" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ei_8hNhdYv5BROpFXzQ03I09_722GwJ47fB4c7mwKleaFkoW3j1mCl1EiPz8sWJZ0xqKzuh-u2C6673Kh3Dk53beatc_picutjyRxwZQrwTkVWoH5pT8qK7_z8RS2O6r7uoDpzUS3ee4OXY9Ty3t9EqjXWLYX7na6VLsMo5-BbqEnX6QhyzJxU0UPg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Host VM Details</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here, I will be using the below VM which is running with RHEL8.6 on 4GB RAM, Single vCPU as shown below:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 236px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="236" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/V6k9WyNhtQt4M9MH6qXv2CbhWnEKiwm4XPluc-h5Xqz3DnKNhtmcLoMxhPUh6DngVcuMN7FiO8Yzn7mi8LI-Gfk4V0zN0ulxYcEBmO9GecIKmnpK5tiHMQa5xf9gEylBuEo0RNndC154OJiZoRqrKWIQeCWzggad2f36TFYkAoRlwl4j9gWQIn2-Ug" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 413px; overflow: hidden; width: 547px;"><img height="413" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/4KGboMTUuKUdYYFsZitQMBfavWkll7aWYgLXBZePuNtXPWsKw0l58R3jC33qZ8Z3BJGtgJr3_JX38SnT0RFYHKvW6PJcfQ6E6SM4mm8D4gTAwby9AfvK7rBV77hlVtV3u3k76YPti3vXeJQYBfB5989lKhEUzu-VuOGKxY-Tjs6i8bw1pflVrOtp8w" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="547" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lets deploy Single Node K3s Now</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Installing K3s is literally running a single command as shown below and nothing more than that (not necessary to mention that it needs internet connectivity):</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"># </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | sh - </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 303px; overflow: hidden; width: 693px;"><img height="303" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/YFU2XtXbuPmoBGWT1D8GlDHqqNvFKo2yt0Xm24zFt9SKxdhBrshnFzWHapkVeMT7kz8JAv7fHvajPAWUTplM3LqviwWyB6ezXL8WF-MJlRF1C9skC3slR2XLefiLo1u-_vEJAETuOH8Q8ZUTxjdg0e_TBmIwvkU9BKefcpEFGfNj3bqVQLyu-yg1Rg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="693" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 140px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="140" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ytyiwXvvWCBR_J2ky5gSq2m-ojxB5Qzb1wpEVDBnAbCC5SSBqcIcsVTHJFI0RZSEWlWZCmVdqf3V-0Mm2fTVSlIMzIZI-RAS3EZzeFOT6-5IS0ethRt4g82eYtAeYE9w-WG4zY_RWm4PWPMVAlerCZ0sg6TSmZhnpnwk9m0r0uSzRco0t9zZILhjvQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It got installed in no span of time. The service started and was enabled. Nothing to be done from our end. All set!</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s verify if K3s Service up and started</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"># systemctl status k3s.service</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 255px; overflow: hidden; width: 720px;"><img height="255" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/rWBjIf-LP1_f8eoZ_Q3id1U2iV2VPiOF0WGxnZ1bSuO_OtGihwskDwuIPlCRd-W-AUw6vaUZY93S-JT0LWKp4BT9cIKCXIyenKF4oLmB9OecWJ5XKk3sTub46_pwhxEd9PaoLToKUQfr8ErvKN31LsP5OVsrrGw0THmQmghrSlYt6_38puKZB6EuSQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="720" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let's verify if Kubernetes node is ready</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Install K3s would install the </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kubectl </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">command line utility along with </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">k3s</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">k3s-killall.sh</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> & </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">k3s-uninstall.sh</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> scripts/utilities which are essential in managing the K3s Kubernetes clusters. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 420px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="420" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/lBVMjrL3NtPQDirtxDqmBbBzg68tx0eWfburGeBkh7iTQV37FD7pU51YFSrSr6auRfUmJm7xLLZmxMsEhxr6YTk5h3tlICFhGyoqOY43nnfypP9HobtDW0nEAGKlk1vdlGc6cDdtdIcjBfzWnVNqjIvAksmjgYfRsIZwZcknVotUExIR7r7snYNK1w" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lets verify if the Single Node Kubernetes cluster is up with all required kube-system pods:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 264px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="264" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/o64B8F-cNQoCrPjJVKlU4xeAlEw_iroIYAYBehV2XcXXGdGbWVsL8iXHU96gbGNHykyQoKxticKoUuBkozhY6DYfp_QMGzjqEyxtRFfuTWAOiXHr3Q-jVC94zTy42WecIVW0YXuNRmn7WBjSl-U4ybzC97FJzhBQdlbxOiHr6EIV8ApNEvQFn_p0EQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let's create a simple Ngnix pod and check if it works</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s deploy/create a simple Ngnix pod now and test if that works. I’ve used a deployment.yaml file here which contains the Ngnix details such as image name, port to be opened etc,. I’ve used the deployment.yaml file as shown below here to create this pod:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 457px; overflow: hidden; width: 491px;"><img height="457" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/kjuhAsDMkYBDH3eLZkjuBYWELvZarG2bswBPyxzGax44FelIYhX9_MPpfrlx_TJHu4tdQCjS2FZgBKiQ6v2PGwZLyfdkdNMm8AlpeW1vvr6su05KmGfDP0N8tkF5LxKUcFUJIO-oI_ScwVDldsW1xWQoMlt8hm7HQ6ANl93olEpbCPnWtl_WYfaVsQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="491" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Creating a simple Ngnix pod now:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 153px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="153" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/Sb8lzD6RzTOxeSrHaqT8Nod0xQjPppM16fokGew2w13hGubsxdITzp0SjiO-pzvOylyHWuGxt52poKFu9v263jkWdX-GQrkJ-MZUBCxS2K9Uyb8DNSgO5zTabng7-x6psnDo-I0ZvrdAEnnj5f8Twyyfq5lGN5hT1Od7aAwBdI2PB068ZWwnDcQ6iQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Yes, it works! </span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’m not going to show more in-depth into the K3s or managing pods here. It is only basics showing how easily we can install/deploy a simple K3s Kubernetes cluster and work on it. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Un-installing K3s Cluster</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Un-installation is made easy with readily available scripts. First, run k3s-killall.sh and then execute k3s-uninstall.sh scripts. That’s it! </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 208px; overflow: hidden; width: 693px;"><img height="208" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/FlWX2ERfZQ4cyAnUMotuGbCSCFerjYSRuGVuPXL01QfaJpv1BxzFFCHwwpYutEJgHPXq0cTKNrkxC1hpxUSG431sda13hpR8qWc00ZDvah_vAbpFgYX0uqpxsLqSBl99actGiqJKwscBNy2qIsBjZKOPi_AGvbgBgIXHlmyVJeU2phwnhNUMgghpLw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="693" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">References:</span><a href="https://k3s.io/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://k3s.io/</span></a><a href="https://www.rancher.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.rancher.com/</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.656; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">All the best! Happy Learning!</span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-33581668356876390212022-08-26T19:39:00.007+05:302022-09-06T14:18:47.627+05:30Random Linux Troubleshooting Flow-Charts<div><br /></div><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-33818070-7fff-06b7-a2e1-7fde701ac23a"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>A</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: large; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">s we all know <b>Technical Flow Charts</b> are very helpful in troubleshooting. Especially, for anyone who is new or learner these types of flow-charts are ideal to guide them. This logical approach would certainly help anyone to understand and fix issues at the correct layer. Without this logical approach it would be difficult to point to the exact layer of issue otherwise, a non-logical approach may not give good results or would be time consuming. In this blog post, I’ve documented a few such logical flow-charts which help a Linux Infra Admin/Staff in troubleshooting and fixing issues. I’d keep adding such flow charts in future as well. So, keep watching this blog page to get latest updates on this. </span></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /><span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">1- Shell Command Execution Flow-Chart</span></span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 340px; overflow: hidden; width: 714px;"><img height="340" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/20GFFgLjcR8jZ7X_tTKLo3HQugs888oTUGseO_h6TXj7NGAbLHdm12heuHHtWlBpi6IapSyOvZsfChJVSgjo2c26GI5zTVLQJqEXqYGa8g_nF-uQ8igS38c3IqohcHYwP_MhPvB2uK7Q29-ybsW6KZ8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="714" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">2- SSH Command Execution Flow-Chart</span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 376px; overflow: hidden; width: 713px;"><img height="376" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/UJakDDCUg1ymgy2yhnXvoBiR72kxzIKBo9MhpwvZ2aLZicgbhO489bXAoQtCLC_dXZ9W8Ykyp87Vp7UyQ2-sfe7LROY-fN9q4cGx1DvCYtV4WvJfGldWjg-tG6MXd-gaZYknDAPx_tA6YR64DH25ziS4BDg4OniIC-jj_iHx_UuiaW5Hd2xVVkg9CQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="713" /></span></span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">3- Yum or DNF Install/Update/Remove Command Execution Flow-Chart</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 401px; overflow: hidden; width: 710px;"><img height="401" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Bqn8YwOYW8zFJA63BvlEBBzJVMasHJfLIsrApr83PepJIRgwnyp2Dvl4fnXF4fZHaedu4TL-eiLVkaj3PcJoGZvjiYE0QDi1QS3MJT5iHs7-GllXASTJuNr_7gvukH3Fm5ycv5AiX8t-7YnW8-4Ph2_gOQvB0d9p83pNzXXyQjU2FZShRt-mzafskA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="710" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: large; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-style: normal;">4- Local User Login Flow-Chart</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-large; font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-large; font-style: normal;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVQouEGLBTCUkh7Mqk8YCKxPZBCxuX11DxUVcpJtQA8H-tnZLsSXza3-u04yivw9nbC7mb3ZGs55fEqOX57b8xGLwpQ061HwxKmRCh2FbvKaujce_Lt_7WhJtaIAfMYSQz2km3fK0L2kCNMW93SOuq8_Qptcm5DyNRed6-lpKvuCIPhBEXYB0Dq1oP" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="1074" data-original-width="1908" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVQouEGLBTCUkh7Mqk8YCKxPZBCxuX11DxUVcpJtQA8H-tnZLsSXza3-u04yivw9nbC7mb3ZGs55fEqOX57b8xGLwpQ061HwxKmRCh2FbvKaujce_Lt_7WhJtaIAfMYSQz2km3fK0L2kCNMW93SOuq8_Qptcm5DyNRed6-lpKvuCIPhBEXYB0Dq1oP=w697-h392" width="697" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">…..keep watching</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-67797071353472101732022-04-22T16:24:00.007+05:302022-04-22T16:54:47.113+05:30WHAT IS KALI LINUX, IT’S FEATURES, AND WAYS TO INSTALL IT?<div><br /></div><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-8aad2def-7fff-72c8-c7de-3cf7bd2d55e4"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 20pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">T</span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">he operating system is the critical system software that ensures the smooth operation of the computer. Some operating systems are designed to serve a specific purpose. They provide some unique tools or services to their users that are adequately available, making it a good OS for the purpose.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 380px; overflow: hidden; width: 672px;"><img height="380" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/7Y3RSv64v73PzcT_miCFUlwpLNQ1TgJNaIc9OGxGWbFzgaT-V_KlVRgQgBsyhgv6GBRxsn-fDvVkDAws39oRNm7w1LJQOekiAy6Rzg2thKtBRlfFDVILPr6_gUKNMA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="672" /></span></span></p><div><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Table of Contents</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b>Introduction </b></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b>What is Kali Linux?</b></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b>Features of Kali Linux</b></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b>Ways to install Kali Linux</b></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b>Conclusion</b></li></ul></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">Introduction</span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When it comes to choosing between various operating systems, there are numerous options available. We choose Windows because it has the largest selection of games in terms of gaming. Similarly, we prefer Mac OS for design-related tasks because the majority of design software is easily accessible and performs brilliantly on Mac.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Linux is a computer operating system that straddles the hardware-software divide. The Linux Operating System can be found on a wide range of devices, including smartphones, automobiles, supercomputers, home appliances, personal PCs, and enterprise servers. In digital security, network monitoring is critical since it safeguards organizations' data and even personal information. Ethical hacking has become a coveted and profitable expertise due to the evident need for experienced people in cyber security. </span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kali Linux</span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is a network security, digital forensics, penetration testing, and ethical hacking operating system.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">What is Kali Linux?</span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kali Linux is a Debian-based Linux system. It's a precisely constructed operating system. Digital forensics and penetration testing are two applications for this tool. Offensive Security is responsible for its upkeep and funding. It is formerly known as Backtrack Linux; Mati Aharoni and Devon Kearns rewrote BackTrack in order to create it. Its open-source design makes it free and lawful to use in a variety of business contexts.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This Linux system is often beneficial to people interested in cyber security. Kali Linux employs a "one root user" model for managing rights, and users can disable network functions by default. Kali Linux was released on March 13, 2013, as a complete, top-to-bottom rebuild of BackTrack Linux, following Debian development principles. There is over 600 penetration-testing software pre configured on Kali Linux for you to explore. Each program has its own flexibility and application. It's for anyone interested in learning about penetration testing, cyber security, or ethical hacking. It is a potent tool that, if not used properly, can result in losses. </span></p><div><span><br /></span></div><span id="docs-internal-guid-67f4ca4e-7fff-87de-bf33-3a597eb305a0"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 429px; overflow: hidden; width: 672px;"><img height="429" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ecauZNUlCVLLnYC_4kH5lB2CCMGSfdRA0ijr1jqGUSgB0YC1Ht66g78C3nR7PdOH3bEfemMiJ_V9YKCJB0Xntf6NeWK1v-XnfZnwGx1xS1hAlEKUHK7kGz8ozAaa5Q" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="672" /></span></span></span><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #01ffff;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">Features of Kali Linux</span></span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kali ISO's full customization:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kali Linux is tightly connected with real-time, allowing us to easily customize and edit our Kali Linux ISO images. A customized version of Kali for your individual needs is always easy to generate with the usage of metapackages geared for specific security professional need sets and a readily accessible ISO customization process. This may be demonstrated using our simple example build recipes and our Kali ISO of Doom recipe.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Kali Linux ISO of Doom Is an excellent example of real-time capability and the types and complexity of customizations that may be done. Create a self-installing, reverse VPN auto-connecting, network bridging Kali image for the perfect hardware backdoor.</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Live USB boots:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This offers you to install Kali on a USB drive and boot it without having to touch the host operating system (ideal for forensics!). We can specify which file system Kali will use when it starts up with optional persistence volume(s), enabling files to be preserved throughout sessions and multiple profiles to be formed. Every persistent volume has the ability to be encrypted. If that weren't enough, this also offers the LUKS nuke option, allowing you to swiftly regulate data destruction.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ARMEL and ARMHF support:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Raspberry Pi, Odroid, Beaglebone, and other ARM devices and popular hardware are among those that are supported. We recognize that Kali's ARM support must be as secure as possible, with perfectly functioning installations for ARMEL and ARMHF systems. It is very active in the ARM arena, and they are constantly introducing new hardware to its catalogue. Because the ARM tools are integrated with the mainline version, they can be updated alongside the rest of the distribution.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kali Linux Metapackages:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This capability makes creating customized, reduced environments a breeze. If all we need is some wireless tools for an upcoming review, we can apt-get install kali-Linux-wireless.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mastering Kali Linux Tool Sets-Kali contains a variety of meta-package collections that integrate multiple modules.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Team for Safe Development:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When key codebases are isolated from external assets, the chance of citation contamination is greatly minimized. The Kali Linux team is a small group of people who are the only ones authorized to submit packages and interact with the source code, all while following a number of security protocols.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Multilingual OS:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Despite the fact that penetration tools are written in English, it has been made sure that Kali has real multilingual support, allowing more users to operate in their native language and find the tools they need for their experience in penetration testing.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mode of Forensics:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The real-time-time system is most important for forensics since any computer may be rebooted into a Kali Linux system without accessing or altering its hard disks. When conducting an investigation on a system, we must avoid doing anything that could impact the data during the data collection phase. By attempting to auto-mount every disc identified, modern Windows systems typically impede this objective. Kali Linux features a forensics mode that may be enabled from the boot menu to prevent this behavior. This mode disables all such functions.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Undercover Kali:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Using Kali in a place where you don't want to attract attention? Kali Undercover is ideal for not standing out in a throng by melding into a well-known operating system to stop shoulder beachgoers.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tools for Penetration Testing Pre-installed:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Over 600 penetration tools are pre-installed in the newest edition of Kali Linux. Developers uninstalled numerous scripts that didn't work or duplicated other services that provided the same or similar functionality after thoroughly reviewing each tool supplied in BackTrack—helpful utilities with Kali Linux, including Crunch, Aircrack-ng, Wireshark, and Nmap.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NetHunter:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Install Kali on your (Android) phone. This includes the NetHunter App and NetHunter App Store and a ROM upgrade for many smartphones. We can also boot into a "full desktop" using chroot and containers, as well as the "Kali NetHunter Desktop Experience (KeX)."</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An Operating System You Can Trust:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kali Linux is developed by a small team of experienced engineers who work in an open and transparent manner, following best security practices such as uploading signed source packages generated by a dedicated build daemon. The packages are checked for integrity before being released as part of a signed repository. Users of a security package want to know that it can be trusted and that it was designed with transparency in mind, with the source code available for inspection by anybody.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To thoroughly review the work done on the packages, utilize the Kali source package packaging Reference implementation (comprising signed tags). You can also use the Kali package tracker to check how each package has changed over time.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 11pt 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To gain complete knowledge about Linux features </span><a href="https://mindmajix.com/linux-training" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Linux Training</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> helps to a great extent </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">Ways to install Kali Linux</span></span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Live USB Mode</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Installation through hard disk</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virtualization</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dual Boot</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 285px; overflow: hidden; width: 672px;"><img height="285" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/g6CHrR8mrTNCNL4N9tpm7nApc72O802Dkuf7MDMmHGvrnUhgE2aXSij_gT8XIpZkFzvdJQK3bULeuNLIP0Y9aPahah1fWqWLE-5ZAGOuwyPsnGs8KuV6ocfdeNsVXw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="672" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Live USB Mode:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It's one of the simplest and most effective ways to get Kali Linux up and running. The reason for this is that it is non-restrictive. As a result, if we install using USB, no changes to our host system hard disc are necessary, making it non-restrictive. Kali Linux can be installed on a USB drive with a storage capacity of at least 8 GB. Durable storage in Live USBs is available in some cases, but it necessitates additional configuration. If we install it and wish to save some data for later, we can use the persistent storage option using the live USB installation procedure.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Installation through Hard disk:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By installing Kali Linux on a hard drive, you can be sure that any changes you make to the system will be permanent. It's straightforward to install Kali Linux on a computer with a hard drive, but we must make sure that our system configuration is compatible with Kali Linux. The changes made to the hard disc are permanent, even though the live boot workstation must clean user data on reboot. This procedure can be used to erase data or the operating system.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virtualization:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virtualization solutions such as VMware and Virtual Box can be used to run Kali Linux. Kali Linux can be installed as an operating system in a virtual machine on a host operating system. The hardware specifications are subject to change at any time. Users can learn in a secure environment without risking their systems by using a runtime environment and a guest operating system like Kali Linux.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dual Boot:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this instance, Kali can also be installed on another operating system, such as Windows or Mac. Instead of replacing an existing operating system on a workstation, Kali Linux OS will be installed alongside it. Many people like to keep both Windows and Kali Linux installed, as this effectively divides their work and leisure interests. However, during the setup stage, we must continue with caution to ensure that Kali Linux does not interact with our host operating system.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">Conclusion</span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kali Linux has a lot of promise as a teaching tool. If you stick with it, however, you can expect a challenging hill to climb. Kali is best used in a virtual machine as a disposable live system: simply keep a few basic settings in your current working directory or retrieve them from the hosts. If you want to upgrade, you'll need a new Kali image. Linux desktops are reinventing the computing device experience in order to improve the user experience. The most popular laptop environments are Budgie, Pantheon, and GNOME 3. If you're a new Linux user starting from scratch or simply want to use your computer without fuss, there are many general-purpose and user-friendly distributions to choose from.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">Author Bio</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/sai-priya-ravuri-16b715165/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sai Priya Ravuri</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is a Digital Marketer, and a passionate writer, who is working with </span><a href="https://mindmajix.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MindMajix</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a top global online training provider. She also holds in-depth knowledge of IT and demanding technologies such as Business Intelligence, Machine Learning, Salesforce, Cybersecurity, Software Testing, QA, Data analytics, Project Management and ERP tools, etc.</span></p></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span></div><div><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span><span><!--more--></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-81869205757217478202022-04-15T22:33:00.001+05:302022-04-15T22:36:45.602+05:30 Lets Audit The Linux System Now!<p><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 273px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 328px;"><img height="273" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/qt7-4OmQ-4IWNPtE4ZJiniAIF-GGJKFiPSgcrk3TnD4B2IkX2UQqebfRoifc8EohMcT38w9g4xWrEWlIYxcUx9Bu_B-xAMq2c-ti3KJk50iAh2n9yc-vwiDETdEU7oFiKi02nF-b" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="328" /></span><b id="docs-internal-guid-ac988459-7fff-bc2e-c86a-caf937437185" style="font-weight: normal;"></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, the native </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 15pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"audit"</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is one of the best security features which is generally not used that much now-e-days. Well, if there is another well advanced security feature which does more than audit then it is good. In this blog post I wish to discuss and talk about this feature and how to get the best out of it without investing anything extra. All that is required is good administrative skills and what needs to be audited. Most importantly, this native audit feature could only track the security violations on a Linux box, however, it could not fix/resolve it. It is only an auditing system. Using this native feature one could track down any system events such as change of file attributes or shutdown events etc, and could understand which user has triggered it. Let's see how it works.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">How to get started? </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">This needs the audit package to be installed. On a standard/default installation mode, on most distributions this gets installed by default. Anyways, one could simply query the package using the native rpm command as shown below:</span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># rpm -q audit </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">If this doesn't show any results then go ahead and install it by running the command "yum install audit" ( "dnf install audit" in case of RHEL8.x). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since audit runs as a daemon in the background, it is important to make sure that it is started and enabled. So, let's check out this now and activate/enable if not:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># systemctl is-active auditd || systemctl start auditd</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># systemctl is-enabled auditd || systemctl enable auditd</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 71px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="71" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/G_vJv1FcBomSGIAnvEw0-zwUGRNOtt9tykCzSiqIo9blvvXVWChfopzzAIVc-Z9vZOeQGwvNBucTzUOdzYSGR0FYInrKRydoq72MVdQwLDwLx8xi8L3ZfLRC47BKCsygR0bHKSnr" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #04ff00; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #04ff00; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Where are the configuration & logging files of auditd service stored? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The main auditd configuration file → </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> /etc/audit/auditd.conf</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Main Audit rules file → </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> /etc/audit/audit.rules </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Persistent audit rules are stored in the directory → </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> /etc/audit/rules.d/ </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pre-configured rules files stored in this directory → </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">/usr/share/audit/sample-rules/ </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Log files are stored under the directory →</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> /var/log/audit </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(and gets rotated as defined by log rotation).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Documentation files related to auditd → </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> /usr/share/doc/audit/ </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In RHEL 8.x, the Audit dispatcher daemon (audisp) functionality is integrated in the Audit daemon (auditd). Configuration files of plugins for the interaction of real-time analytical programs with Audit events are located in the </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> /etc/audit/plugins.d/ </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> directory by default.</span></b></div><p></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">How to perofrm auditing?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Given below are some of the examples to it:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1] Audit all commands executed by root user.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">In a strict environment where no command execution by root user is prohibited. However, there are still a few users who may be authorized to switch the identity as root and execute commands. So, in such cases, how to track the commands executed by root after a user who changes the identity? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">On the fly commands:</span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># auditctl -a exit,always -F arch=b64 -F euid=0 -S execve -k rootcmd </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"># auditctl -a exit,always -F arch=b32 -F euid=0 -S execve -k rootcmd </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">[2] Audit all system reboot commands executed.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most of the time it becomes difficult to track which user has triggered the system reboot. Was the reboot made by any user or system thread? In order to understand and track such activities we could rely on audit daemon. By default, the reboot triggered by all non-root users would get tracked by auditd when enabled. We could track the system reboot messages using the 'ausearch' utility.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">[3] Audit all writes or changes to the file /etc/fstab.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">On the fly command:</span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># auditctl -w /etc/fstab -p wa -k fstab_change</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">[4] Audit every time a file is deleted or renamed by a system user whose ID is 1000 or larger:</span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># auditctl -a always,exit -S unlink -S unlinkat -S rename -S \</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">renameat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4294967295</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> -k deleted_renamed</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*Note that the -F auid!=</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4294967295</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> option is used to exclude users whose login UID is not set.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Note: All these audit rules added are non-persistent, to make them persistent, need to add them to </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'/etc/audit/rules.d/audit.rules' </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">file and restart the auditd daemon. The 'augenrules' command can also be used to create this list. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'/etc/audit/audit.rules'</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> file is generated whenever the auditd service starts. Files in </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'/etc/audit/rules.d/'</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> use the same auditctl command-line syntax to specify the rules. Empty lines and text following a hash sign (#) are ignored.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">How to list out all added audit rules? </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Once a new rule is added to the </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'/etc/audit/rules.d/audit.rules'</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> file then the auditd daemon needs to be restarted using service command, not systemctl command. Once the service is restarted, running the command "auditctl -l" would show all the newly added audit rules:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 76px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="76" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/1I9UQtKaDlz9JnZr4t5QiHul8ZlNvKSxGVAFf0yAUBansS_i_kv9-74lM24tX_YEVSm_dCp6S1FdSz9W7yymmbjwJkxeD8U1s77_zuWP8O9OmfrallBOScE0_eusyiUW_GA7eywL" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">How to view audit logs or generate audit reports? </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is achieved using </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"ausearch"</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> & </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"aureport"</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> commands. </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">What is ausearch?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ausearch is a tool that can query the audit daemon logs for events based on different search criteria. The ausearch utility can also take input from stdin as long as the input is the raw log data. Each command line option given forms an "and" statement. For example, searching with -m and -ui means return events that have both the requested type and match the user id given. An exception is the -m and -n options; multiple record types and nodes are allowed in a search which will return any matching node and record.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">What is aureport? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">aureport is a tool that produces summary reports of the audit system logs. The aureport utility can also take input from stdin as long as the input is the raw log data. The reports have a column label at the top to help with interpretation of the various fields. Except for the main summary report, all reports have the audit event number. You can subsequently look up the full event with ausearch -a event number. You may need to specify start & stop times if you get multiple hits. The reports produced by aureport can be used as building blocks for more complicated analysis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">First, let's see what are the audit reports generated or gathered with keyword "fstab_changes" (one small snippet is added here for reference).</span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># ausearch -k fstab_changes </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">time->Fri Apr 15 19:00:23 2022</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">type=PROCTITLE msg=audit(1650029423.025:871): proctitle=7669002F6574632F6673746162</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">type=PATH msg=audit(1650029423.025:871): item=0 name="/etc/fstab" inode=17004757 dev=fd:00 mode=0100644 ouid=0 ogid=0 rdev=00:00 obj=system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0 nametype=NORMAL cap_fp=0 cap_fi=0 cap_fe=0 cap_fver=0 cap_frootid=0</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">type=CWD msg=audit(1650029423.025:871): cwd="/root"</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1650029423.025:871): arch=c000003e syscall=188 success=yes exit=0 a0=561c050e5da0 a1=7fa1d71a41ef a2=561c05102f00 a3=1c items=1 ppid=9859 pid=9935 auid=1000 uid=0 gid=0 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 tty=pts0 ses=9 comm="vi" exe="/usr/bin/vi" subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 key="fstab_changes"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-6bc20277-7fff-00db-6c1e-57e97da7cd25"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 148px; overflow: hidden; width: 733px;"><img height="148" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/EKJvZ3Bvj9p9HjrVY9Tp3BgD3Elfhl4tjbZPR9-r14_CiYVOkEQ3EIAlLliP2M0rJjrluWItDuhcv2W0LfDGQ0hypCTHJjXKfoh3tYl62Ltsk-yPa0yfNIZZ82q-5GE8_3Shhtcc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="733" /></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this above log output, some information is not human readable or simply can't be understood, so to make it easy, you need to use the "-i" option which converts such information into human readable. So, lets do that now and see how the ausearch output looks like now:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"># ausearch -i -k fstab_changes </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">type=PROCTITLE msg=audit(04/15/2022 19:00:23.025:871) : proctitle=vi /etc/fstab</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">type=PATH msg=audit(04/15/2022 19:00:23.025:871) : item=0 name=/etc/fstab inode=17004757 dev=fd:00 mode=file,644 ouid=root ogid=root rdev=00:00 obj=system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0 nametype=NORMAL cap_fp=none cap_fi=none cap_fe=0 cap_fver=0 cap_frootid=0</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">type=CWD msg=audit(04/15/2022 19:00:23.025:871) : cwd=/root</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">type=SYSCALL msg=audit(04/15/2022 19:00:23.025:871) : arch=x86_64 syscall=setxattr success=yes exit=0 a0=0x561c050e5da0 a1=0x7fa1d71a41ef a2=0x561c05102f00 a3=0x1c items=1 ppid=9859 pid=9935 auid=redhat uid=root gid=root euid=root suid=root fsuid=root egid=root sgid=root fsgid=root tty=pts0 ses=9 comm=vi exe=/usr/bin/vi subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 key=fstab_changes</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-dd48acf1-7fff-f900-5b79-632e8ed04ca8"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 129px; overflow: hidden; width: 713px;"><img height="129" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/xTJLy8bNoiS0Ik4qzfPj09nnouS-ozjTBmt7uG5EpLzyih4dcS4pGoVQyiKX1Fdqg3etY85ajN68uobGgYyXc3dlWNAKcmaetGHX9SXEUxdojebDMIipB8Hs9UDnFVrCPCXbGoow" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="713" /></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Notice the differences now, whatever that was displayed as non-readable become easy to understand especially the ones below:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">msg=audit(04/15/2022 19:00:23.025:871)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">proctitle=vi /etc/fstab</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">arch=x86_64 </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Lets further break the output data and understand important fields/attributes of the audit message.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">[1] type=PROCTITLE</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The type field contains the type of the record. In this example, the PROCTITLE value specifies that this record gives the full command-line that triggered this Audit event, this is "proctitle=vi /etc/fstab".</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">[2] msg=audit(04/15/2022 19:00:23.025:871)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This indicates the time stamp of the audit event that gets recorded. This is in the format "time_stamp:ID". In this example, the unique ID is </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">871</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">3- name=/etc/fstab inode=17004757 dev=fd:00 mode=file,644 ouid=root ogid=root rdev=00:00 obj=system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This indicates unique attributes pertaining to the file '/etc/fstab', here which is inode, file permission mode which is </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">644 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">which can be checked using the 'stat' command as shown below:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 157px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="157" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Snw3Oh41w8Iiw-mBxuE-40qoCUkmNaQKIuy8u_D4M5uPKSZ2dEICEvOiN_a6wTADq953frcBAnRnrQ-c1plC3p_UWFgTZPEXeEsSl29XL4BXPvJbGJjxw6pnhRt4SE4zijNIjjIS" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">4- cwd=/root</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">This denotes the Current Working Directory from where the command was executed. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5- arch=x</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">86_64</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">This indicates the system architecture which is x</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">86_64</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> in this case.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">6- success=yes exit=0</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">This field denotes where the command was successful or not. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">7- ppid=9859 pid=9935</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the name indicates, these are the Parent Process ID and Process ID. Let's find out the details of the Parent Process which has called this process.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 83px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="83" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/7GWZcjAHClM-mYmWJ9F4ikXwt_0V3EDhHQSwA2GjMUXjqv-56pKsGrR8zpqv-WPtLMqhjRHmfWUUIj2RAG8qzd052BArbV3I-nSTAVEMnHMR8KauncC1YHQM_F1trLf3BUAdI1vg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is the process ID of the current bash shell which can also be verified using the "echo $$" command.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">8- auid=redhat</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is the </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Audit UID </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of the process which had triggered this command. In this case, it says that is "redhat" which means that this is the user who has elevated the privileges into root and executed the command. This is indicated by these fields "uid=root gid=root euid=root". </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, how is the system capable of tracking this? This is achieved using the file </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘/proc/self/loginuid’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which gets created every time a user logs into the system either via SSH or direct console login or whatever method. This file once gets created a user logins and gets removed whenever the user logs out. If we look at the below data the contents of the file </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘/proc/self/loginuid’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is set once the user “redhat” logs into the system and doesn’t change or deleted until the user logs out. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 107px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="107" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/JYQsenGo-6f_hxdnK-mDn9PQ2D7Ttss-kF6p8NBO1s1MEtZuXorskvq9RZKuXznKr8z8DFi4R96MpmQgpft3JypPedVfoC2TW5sWWLNmWDVAw1icIpti-O3AC-NN0F0rNFH-2jWn" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally, the “aureport” is another useful command to be used while auditing. Please look out for the man page of this command to find out more details. All the best! </span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-72871188820306916972021-11-29T20:34:00.002+05:302021-12-17T15:41:50.382+05:30Who Has Rebooted The Linux System?<span id="docs-internal-guid-6709ce9a-7fff-e60a-fe43-c21f29612297"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 274px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 224px;"><img height="320" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/FblhOVJGEs_POmBHE-zlXW92l2rhpbFHYoazAd4Y3oG_vdcwiLwAvbpCcQ9BhBE4BAgED3dtOpKMrN3JFVdZSlONwwNOuELUgBU6K37J_TVkdTcd40tjgc2fTkTG1T_4m4neCKlz=w262-h320" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="262" /></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">T</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">here are many times that we get puzzled with this question </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Who has rebooted the system?"</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Was this triggered by a user or done by some kernel threads? What was the reason why the server was rebooted? Of course, a running system should not be rebooted without a reason, as this incurs downtime and service disruptions. There are many ways to avoid service disruption by setting up High Availability (HA) so that one server down/reboot would not cause any downtime as the application/service would continue to work from another server in this setup. However, in Load Balancer (LB) mode where there are multiple nodes serving the applications and node down would certainly be balanced by other nodes in the LB setup. Let's come back to our main agenda which is to track the system reboot activity. Yes, in this blog post we would talk about this topic and different ways to detect/identify this from a Linux system. </span></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><div><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 1: Tracing through the last command</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--------------------------------------------------------</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As we all know, the "last" command would get the required results. This command would basically read the data from the file <b>"/var/log/wtmp" </b>to list out all users logged in and logged out. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From the man page of "last":</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The pseudo user reboot logs in each time the system is rebooted. Thus the last reboot will show a log of all the reboots since the log file was created.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> lastb is the same as last, except that by default it shows a log of the /var/log/btmp file, which contains all the bad login attempts.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since the system shutdown is also a user "shutdown", one could track the system reboot/shutdown events using the "last" command as shown below:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"># last -x shutdown</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"># last -x reboot OR # last reboot</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example: Tracing the most latest system reboot and shutdown event:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 139px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="139" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/1PQMCBjg90w-4rBGSPKb25VZD-AOdsDdKsL03d8r5AS_tMoIuhzztXOM1yBuEjvOymzHeIrVjhLRuB_40WfQGhNzHIdrqqRQJNoYBKtBcIdpAUGbtATOFw7jTBwxFMG5r60EbWK1" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These events tell about the date & time when the system shutdown/reboot happened, what kernel version was running that time and how long the system was down in minutes. But there is no way to identify who has rebooted the system, was that initiated by the system or triggered by a user. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Note: This "shutdown" user is defined by the system as shown below:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[root@rhel6upgraded ~]# grep shutdown /etc/passwd</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 2: Tracing through default /var/log/messages</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-----------------------------------------------------------------</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lets try to search through the popular </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">/var/log/messages</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> file and see if we could get any trace of system reboot/shutdown events:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;"> # egrep -i "shutdown|reboot" /var/log/messages </span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This would not provide the required details regarding who rebooted the system. However, we could get to know the date and time when the reboot/shutdown event was triggered.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 3: Tracing through bash history logs</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-----------------------------------------------------</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let's search using bash history.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, this is another useful way to search through the default bash history file to find out which commands were executed by a specific user. However, if a user clears the bash history before logout then this may not be effective.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 104px; overflow: hidden; width: 680px;"><img height="104" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/M-_XXjQ_EXj2Y5YGOX7-Q-CzbvlJXqS8fdEddLF0f57TOQc2IP5BgC02mKP3muon4yXiRkVUn8kjJF0E3QMO2fdsmhGgiu0Xx4sAhq42MQx8GFfsZvQglnqFIt5oT_xSnSQosPXx" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="680" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, from the above output we come to know that the reboot/shutdown/poweroff commands were executed by two different users. But we are not sure if those commands were executed successfully or failed, also there is no information about when those commands were executed. In such a case, one option is to set the "HISTTIMEFORMAT" in users ".bashrc" file that could display the timestamp of each command. But whether the command was a success or failure is not known yet. Another caveat with the history command is that if a user runs history clear ($ history -c) command then previously recorded events get removed. So, this may not be a reliable option.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 4: Tracing through /var/log/secure logs</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">---------------------------------------------------------</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">All the sudo commands that any user executes would by default get logged into </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">/var/log/secure</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. So, this log file is very helpful in analyzing the sudo commands which were executed by any user, their time stamp and if those were allowed commands or not. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let's say that the user by name "redhat" is allowed to run all privileged commands. This is done by either adding the user to the "wheel" group or adding separate entry for the user either in /etc/sudoers file or /etc/sudoers.d/<username> file. In this case this user "redhat" is added to the wheel group as shown below:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@rhel6upgraded ~]# grep wheel /etc/group</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">wheel:x:10:redhat</span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, when this user runs any sudo command, it would get recorded in the /var/log/secure file as shown below (applicable to allowed sudo users and respective commands):</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 94px; overflow: hidden; width: 689px;"><img height="94" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/YSEbLICwR9mKyef2Uzl8X3MaoSs0ZhgxQmpaODNZ_a__SEiqI8_da5ZsE43kaUcCFcgv-_W5AlUtUz-e9fITFuEjh023qnHw46nW4878FXciLU7K_FWkvV_JdDNsU9o4m0FKV74E" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="689" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">However, when a non-root non-privileged user runs such command then it would get recorded as “user NOT in sudoers” entry in /var/log/secure as shown below:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 49px; overflow: hidden; width: 673px;"><img height="49" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/a9DwzbITOMOyp0D7zF9-pJQwF2oomB51xVgyi8evdiPrTu6ourlao7Rx3zWrwnjsXqHZJAU8iK5gvW3uuHB77IAN7hq2_nCyG7tuclNUlpBwJ1zR9mFmiZXo5perVG75jwpSKHwE" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="673" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is good in understanding the sudo commands run by users. However, if a user elevates (redhat in this example) himself as root by changing the identity as "sudo su -" and then runs the command then that would not get recorded here. Anyways, there is no need to run the command as sudo since it is at the root level. In such cases this may not be of much help. Btw, it is good practice not to allow all commands except "/bin/su" for sudo users. So, any commands that need root privileges would get executed as sudo by users, and that gets recorded. Overall, this seems to be a good option but no 100% accuracy. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 4: Tracing through native auditd</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-------------------------------------------------</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let's assume that the native auditd is active/running. This is capable enough to log all commands that the user executes which would require root privileges by default. So, when a non-root user "redhat" runs the "reboot" command with sudo privileges here are the initial audit logs that gets recorded:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 161px; overflow: hidden; width: 678px;"><img height="161" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Rx_gCWtkscXcbsoF50x01lE-P-QBiDTGDEvSzaPBHd3SYN0xHuWzLDJEeuDV8hehdKJ08SJ_mpmues8D7oDumXPuiUCP-Y3sWj8cpSNS2TkSDbM8w5ov8lcpBxZpGPtLMyzSb315" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="678" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Looking at the above log i.e. <b>/var/log/audit/audit.log</b> file, we could understand that the command "/usr/bin/sudo" executed with </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> arguments ( argc=</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a0="sudo" a1="/usr/bin/systemctl" a2="reboot" ). Lets further break this message to understand better as shown below:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1] Who executed this command? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To understand this we need to look at the below statement:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">auid=</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">500</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> uid=</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">500</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> gid=</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">500</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> euid=0 suid=0 </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This says that this command was run by the user with UID </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">500 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(redhat) and Effective-UID is 0 which is root. Here auid denotes Audit-UID which is the user ID which was used to login to the system originally. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[2] What command was executed? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To understand this we need to look at the below line: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #434343; color: #fff2cc; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> comm="sudo" exe="/usr/bin/sudo" </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This says that the main command executed was "/usr/bin/sudo" and further arguments are shown as:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">argc</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">=3 </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a0="sudo" a1="/usr/bin/systemctl" a2="reboot"</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, that makes the complete command as:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">/usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/systemctl reboot</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i>[3] Was this command run successfully? </i></b></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We could get to know this by looking at the </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"success=yes"</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> parameter in the above statement. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i>[4] From which location the command was executed? </i></b></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This can be identified by looking at this section </span><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"cwd="/home/redhat"</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in the above statement. Here "cwd" denotes Current Working Directory. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Same way, when a user elevates the privileges as root user and executes commands, this is how the auditd records the events (this is just small snip of it):</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 143px; overflow: hidden; width: 684px;"><img height="143" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/3W6HVLbJwGzO2Qdpr4pE4blkFSti661wSzDYgHLSmZzhmCUDXrt-2I6JP4mKyLpIhRdfj4fMJ5T5RwpBYMt6vNAkCf3YCa0vTNe-ekood57TWwPwjjK6X4y36Pd2jLC4CqNm-sX_" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="684" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this case the "UID" of the user is 0 (root) who executed the commands. However, look at the "AUID" (Audit UID) which is "</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">500</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" means that the user "redhat" has elevated the privileges as root and then executed the command "reboot" as shown above. By default, commands executed by root users are not recorded, we need to add rules to get it done. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i>Watch my next blog page dedicated to auditd covering more on this. </i></b></span></p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-35642079177746218452021-06-14T18:07:00.048+05:302021-06-17T18:35:48.010+05:30What or Why DNF? <blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span></span></div></blockquote><div><div style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><img height="320" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/U9-UfnDgeM9aewy6GVZtEJdLQPx1XKzxRj-R1VM_RVnfMqIwQIvJBKR-BpGxBsYI7S4l_KopBmKzGT37ATkcUajoNkIaQf0MqAhdkNJLf2-fhO9pULbMljNM0EktFhc4WgLFfJKs=w220-h320" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" title="Logo Picture Source: https://github.com/rpm-software-management/dnf/blob/gh-pages/logos/DNF_logo.png" width="220" /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">DNF </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">or <b>Dandified YUM </b>is the next generation version of yum.</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: large; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DNF is a software package manager that installs, updates, and removes packages on RPM-based Linux distributions. It automatically computes dependencies and determines the actions required to install packages. </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DNF also makes it easier to maintain groups of machines, eliminating the need to manually update each one using rpm. Introduced in Fedora 18, it has been the default package manager since Fedora 22. So, in this post I’m not going to discuss the usage of DNF rather on why and advantages of using it. By default, DNF comes pre-installed on RHEL8.x releases. The "yum" command is a symbolic link to the "dnf" binary now. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">What are the features of DNF?</span></p><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Multiple repositories/group support & Simple configuration.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mathematically correct and faster method for solving dependency resolution.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Consumes less memory when compared to YUM.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RPM-consistent behavior.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In-built modularity support.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A “clean”, well documented Python API with C bindings & Python 3 support.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C bindings for lower-level libraries ( hawkey for package querying and depsolving and librepo for repo operations ).</span></li></ul><p></p><div><br /></div><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why do we need DNF when YUM can do the task? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To fulfil some of the shortcomings of YUM, we need DNF. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[1] </b>Dependency resolution and interaction with online repositories.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">YUM uses its own, iterative dependency-resolution mechanism. More recent (and better performing) schemes for doing dependency resolution exist, and one, in the form of the satisfiability solving library libsolv, has been adopted by several other projects (including, of course, libsolv's origin: openSUSE's zypper package manager).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[2]</b> YUM’s API is not documented.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another problem with Yum according to Kozumplík (one of the full-time developers of DNF) is that "the API is not documented. One has to browse the code to find the right means to [write a] call. This makes the maintenance and testing difficult, and building new features is slow. DNF is doing a much better job here by documenting the API, keeping it slim and well-specified”.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[3]</b> Yet another shortcoming of YUM is that it supports only Python for extensions. DNF supports Python API and C libraries as well.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[4]</b> Other improvements in DNF include a lower memory reduction and less automatic synchronization of metadata with repositories.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*Some of the noted functional/technical differences between DNF and YUM.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[!]</b> Multiple DNF commands can be executed while YUM doesn't allow running another YUM transaction when one is already running.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-5ef3f224-7fff-24d8-d737-9981003b33d3"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[!]</b> the command "yum remove kernel" would not remove the running kernel unless that is the only kernel installed. However, the command "dnf remove kernel" would also remove the running kernel if there are no older kernels installed. In RHEL8 the kernel RPM is a meta package that does not contain any files, but rather ensures that it contains the sub-packages such as kernel-core, kernel-module and kernel-modules-extra. So, ideally the "kernel-core" is the main package here. </span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[!]</b> DNF does not store an unfinished transaction to /tmp/yum_save_tx.xx.xx.xx as YUM does. The issue is documented on Bug </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1807446</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Current ETA for storing a successful transaction e.g. on a staging system and reproducing the same transaction on a production system is RHEL</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 8.4</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[!]</b> DNF does not have an equivalent of "yum history new". The command "yum history new" clears transaction history in RHEL7.x and earlier versions. This command creates a backup of the current history database, then deletes the database and creates a fresh and empty new one. Reference: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://access.redhat.com/solutions/4500331">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/4500331</a></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As a workaround, remove the below files manually:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # rm -r /var/lib/dnf/history* </span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[!]</b> DNF provides a modularity framework using which users would be able to make 2 version of software to live, and switch from one to another easily without much complications. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>[!]</b> The log files of DNF are stored separately for hawkey, librepo and dnf now. These files could be found under <b>/var/log/ </b>folder. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-8ddbcf6e-7fff-1e9c-58a8-90cd192dd8a4"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 96px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="96" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/yKfrFXUuR4TRF7zb4syDYxasedyYiUH19XAbVekWRN-DjgZtiAexMnFnlMPwAWCvEt7SeX0YJGTNu2zyn-yjK-5XehSaoT60SUCegfOVm_aTABgQPCA6bDbgPVfJAXukbVIB6k1a" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Important points to be remembered while using DNF.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left; white-space: normal;" /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>→</b> Always review command help/man page before executing any commands and get a clear understanding about what is being done. A short help/man page is available for every subcommand of DNF. For example, to get more help on usage of DNF history, run the command “dnf history --help”.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Try to avoid the usage of ‘automatic yes’ ( y ) answer parameter with any of the DNF commands unless required or understood. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">→ Many optional arguments are common to any DNF commands such as </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>--downloadonly, --nogpgcheck, --quiet</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> etc, which could be applied to any commands as required. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">→ The commands ‘dnf update’ & ‘dnf upgrade’ are the same. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">→ The command "package-cleanup --oldkernels" has been replaced with </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>"dnf remove --oldinstallonly"</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> command which is the preferred method to remove old kernels. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">→ Change in the way “install” command works. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-d4e9fea4-7fff-c724-273b-9364b35940a8" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 57px; overflow: hidden; width: 507px;"><img height="40" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/mRMU_kvjpHPa2BrMGd_kvCcVGmXWHWl2WmK2-8eFDo5zPRMIeKlGYoA8LYknv6XjftW9SO-IzHdR9_0Oz8ha17hD04dAXRsgEW7AOrTZdo0h3UsTy_67S5PqX019w2OkhbMGWhZc=w357-h40" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="357" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This would perform the below tasks:</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-aee25548-7fff-116a-3641-edad2df0b14a"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Install the latest package available in the provided repository. </span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If an earlier version of the package is already installed then it would automatically update it to the latest one available. This is because of the option <b>“best=True”</b> which gets set by default in the <b>/etc/dnf/dnf.conf</b> file.</span></li></ul><p></p></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i>*at the time of writing and this could change later down the time.</i></b></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>References:</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></p><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-d944b9fe-7fff-1326-af53-6a792e7bde1b"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://rpm.org/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://rpm.org/index.html</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://dnf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://dnf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_(software)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_(software)</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.linux-magazine.com/Issues/2014/160/DNF" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.linux-magazine.com/Issues/2014/160/DNF</a></span></p></span></div><p></p></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-61282201236248015342021-05-12T17:58:00.002+05:302021-06-06T18:56:22.964+05:30Different Fault Tolerance Options At System/Patch Level In Linux<p> </p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 252px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="252" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/t1bopAHpeS97ZTWP29kPhPDvQ_KJ4-IiJ-IaOEL4kVQ0tI7xp2Y-0T_othn2Kxl_H-YN3SOCS8vjthFxjWHguGrn47u1-uBssLa41qX-AWj6z4mO-UZzL_0HBiV8z2Z-A0vX8cQ2" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></p><p><span id="docs-internal-guid-5b014093-7fff-1e32-9bd1-c4520864cdda"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">A</span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">s we all know, patching is an essential & integral part of any IT infrastructure. It could be cloud based systems (virtual) or an on-premise virtual systems or physical servers running in a dedicated data center. Patch management has now become an important buzzword in corporate IT organizations and business offices. Patch management is basically the process of acquiring, testing and installing multiple code changes (patches) to systems software and applications. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As we go with such changes, there are at times that we need to have a strong fallback method in case any failures after patching. This method should be resilient and should bring back the infrastructure to a steady state as it was before patching. So, let's talk about some of the industry best practices in this space in brief. We are excluding any third party tools or practice outside of the native Linux infrastructure. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The following are the possible fault-tolerance options at system/patch level.</span></p><p><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000;">[1] System Snapshot from hypervisor or cloud platform for virtual systems.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is one of the most commonly used and recommended approaches in case of virtual/cloud based estate. This gets initiated and completed on the Virtual Infrastructure end or at cloud end as desired. This can be categorized as one of the best practices in this sector. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> Pros:</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Industry recommended practice</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Easy to execute and restore from either hypervisor or cloud level.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - System level Fault tolerance.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> Cons:</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Does require additional storage space on the backend infrastructure. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Any changes after the snapshot are not valid when restored. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000;">[2] System level fault-tolerance using native LVM snapshot with Boom utility in RHEL7.5 onwards.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are many times that we need a simple yet native solution in Linux which could save the system state(snapshot) and restore later quickly. Yes, a simple and yet native solution is to use LVM Snapshot. This feature facilities in capturing the root file system (/) snapshot and revert the changes later using snapshot. The only prerequisite for this is that the root file system (/) should be on a LVM and there should be free space available within the Volume Group. There are many use cases of this and one of them is to restore system state after making some changes which are not desired or expected. The other main use case would be to restore system state after unsuccessful patching of systems. This is another best practice method. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> Pros:</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Natively supported on RHEL7.5 systems on-wards.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Could provide a second level of system fault-tolerance on top of system snapshot.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> Cons:</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Requires additional disk space to get it implemented in each system.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Requires a Linux enterprise.</span></p><p><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">References: <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/boom-booting-rhel-lvm-snapshots">https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/boom-booting-rhel-lvm-snapshots</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://access.redhat.com/solutions/3772101">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/3772101</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://access.redhat.com/solutions/3750001">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/3750001</a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #660000;">[3] Package level roll back using "dnf history" or "yum history" commands.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"><br /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One of the most easiest and yet native methods of restoring a package state. As most of the system management team is aware of this command and should not be complicated in implementing. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> Pros:</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Native Linux feature.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Easy to implement and execute. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - No additional disk space since this is a native feature of the rpm database which keeps track of package transaction history. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> Cons:</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Doesn't provide system level fault-tolerance.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Some packages from SELinux, selinux-policy-*, kernel, glibc can't be rolled back using this feature. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Reference: <a href="https://access.redhat.com/solutions/64069">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/64069</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">[4] Most trusted but not the best method using ReaR (best for disaster recovery) .</span><span style="color: #04ff00;"> </span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16.6667px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"> “Rear” (Relax-and-Recover) fits perfect in implementing a bare metal disaster recovery solution & image migration as well. Rear is the leading Open Source disaster recovery solution. It is a modular framework with many ready-to-go workflows for common situations.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are other open-source tools available for implementing DR solution in Linux such as Mondo Rescue, Baculla, Disaster Recovery Linux Manager, Clonezilla etc,. </span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> Pros:</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - open-source Linux feature.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - No need of any subscription or license. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Provides a complete backup solution well suited in case of disaster. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> Cons:</b></span></p></span></div><div><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Needs additional infrastructure or external servers for </span><span style="font-size: 16.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">implementing</span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ReaR solution.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-1870597521041625862020-12-07T16:24:00.003+05:302021-06-06T19:02:15.234+05:30The Power Of A Dot In Linux Environment<div><br /></div><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-16278a0a-7fff-a131-9fb7-4947caf6d942"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 214px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 200px;"><img height="214" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/iDhGjn596TuawQPv4xsG096jC2X26nroeNuK3Iwu4Uw31A3q48gzTilT4FNU8jxZcL9lSqPpONhnf2zBmpf4_HvEhN8rGLorM_YRpTnf31v39LDcZzqMfOQorj7mIcthzjWMz5Nu" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="200" /></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Y</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">es, there are several places where a dot (.) is being used in Linux terminal/Shell. In addition, a dot would depict some meaning when shown in the output of a command. Let us see the different places where we would normally use a dot and explore the other places where one could get to see this in Linux. The usage of a dot that is documented here is excluding the standard or regular use that is not specific to Linux/Unix and it is common across computer environments. Such as in representing a FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) separated with dot, IP Address where each bit (from 0 to </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">255</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) is separated by a dot etc, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a></span> <p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>[1] Used while navigating through directory structure using "cd" command. </span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, in a Linux terminal, one could use the "cd" command to navigate/move through the directory structure. The command "cd .." would move one directory level up, correspondingly the command "cd ../.." would move up 2 directories level, and so forth. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 147px; overflow: hidden; width: 329px;"><img height="147" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/0GPNu45H_Z04NUtVaF_v9nSctCaAFG8PuA3T5WR3zwT4n9ztYP49PFzKc5WyTEcgAjaFerb10zywijATXztmK30CFGEZywjx-MqdOPKZEglegEKMcGCs-cfGRXSxqblBMuETF1Uj" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="329" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As shown in the above example, the “pwd” command output shows the current working directory. So, the “cd” command could be used to navigate in the directory tree up to any level as required.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>[2] Used to represent current directory when used along with commands such as "cp", "mv", "find" etc., </span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A single dot (.) marks the current directory when used with commands as mentioned. Example: To copy all files from "/root/dir1" to the current directory, one could run the command "# cp /root/dir1/* .". Here the dot denotes the current working directory. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As explained before, double dots could also be used to perform some operations on previous directory with supported commands: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example: The following command would copy file "file20" from parent directory to "/tmp" directory:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # cp ../file20 /tmp/ </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>[3] To create a hidden file/directory. </span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By prefixing a dot, any new directory/files could be created which are hidden from default file/directory listing. However, when used "ls -a" this would print out all files/directories including hidden data as shown below:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 174px; overflow: hidden; width: 394px;"><img height="174" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/0NaWt4cibaqUG8bzZ-HwJPlXLYrIfuv7MSkTtsVT7NxfVdKCg6wbSaXsTvk91jDlW6Mo_HW94JT_e3ThBrgWVatFQ3qvDojRydiyXt_hElck0n7WoWWSKzxzFJOOoUCB3hnB4y20" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="394" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>[4] In-line execution of a script. </span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Whenever there is a requirement to call/execute a script without spawning a sub-shell, it could be executed in-line. When a script is executed in-line then all environment variables would also be available for a child script by default. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s do a simple demonstration of this by creating a script which would print the shell Process ID when executed and the value of a variable called “TESTVAR”. This variable is defined out of this shell script as shown below:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 115px; overflow: hidden; width: 430px;"><img height="115" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/wfX5wMRD8ndQrfPHgv0NIaRMQG-FjoVatnxn29W8tD2ML5PJ2nnSw4H0W4so5ZWkLMcHmiI4CMx96yROjotbkB-Iz4-ZASwTqBh_MVx6IuSI13GKjVgb3Q-3A9mqFGGINTfz780z" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="430" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When the script is called as usual, it would spawn up another child shell and executes the command as shown below, and hence the value of the variable “TESTVAR” not showing anything:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 117px; overflow: hidden; width: 351px;"><img height="117" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/zQfqStYdo1B9ENsmcBhxAwQs301PHdskJMS2Otvu-Mg8DJ7Xx2LwM_JTKx3TD55SCQxQv2GgD2uLNV494aSj7Zc99Stb82v4Sc0b34GDFkuRRQdle5obhL__s0UgXIvZSw1bGsy2" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="351" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">However, when called in-line the shell would run with parent environment variables and settings. Hence, it would print the value of the “TESTVAR” and also notice the PID which is the PID of the current shell, not the sub-shell ($$ variable would print current shell PID): </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 93px; overflow: hidden; width: 335px;"><img height="93" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/YMX9t5de3x0Sm8yj7KSiqOch_Y8Q_cqeibw72Samed9ZzrVj0vpJnR4ugcHo4cVRaa1I0FqctoHIX5z4eJyWxcQZOATLZHUbg-K-6XrR6WyPg4R9WSNWno7KUyWdCL_YgYoFRXwE" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="335" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The same method is being used to source a file within a script. Either the command "source" could be used or call the file using the in-line execution mode (. ./filename). One good use case of this is when there is a separate file that contains all variable declarations that needs to be called inside a script. In that case, it is a general/best practice to source that file inside a script as required. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>[5] To create a range of new files/directories. </span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One could create a range of files (new) required with a common name between the files. Lets see how it works: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Create range of new files with name test1,test2,test</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">....test10 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"># touch test{1..10}</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Create range of files with name file1,file</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,file</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">....file20 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"># touch file{1..20..2}</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Same way, even new directories could also be created as shown in below snap: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 191px; overflow: hidden; width: 616px;"><img height="191" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/IWHn9H156UwfaFmlgtWGELu-psEI8ytcN66rpa5mFqvEBzx-52_fXhBDtvvLKKmz_YQ8Fq1E6RHYTHlEXoo4j4hrijfS_mI0Wnnf9bgDJuJyT9CRp_p4GUI54NqNFll2LRNQOoEO" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="616" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>[6] Used to specify a limited range of allowed hosts to have access in host-based control such as for NFS. </span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A dot is used while defining the access range for NFS clients that is normally defined in the file "/etc/exports" file. This could be used while defining access/limit to all systems in one network as shown below:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">/datafiles</span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"> 172.18.1.(rw,no_root_squash)</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Same way, one could limit/allow network range for supported services under host based control if required. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>[7] A dot (bigger than normal size) is used to represent the status of a service which reflects whether it is active/failed/in-active in “systemctl” command. </span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The dot ("●") uses color on supported terminals to summarize the unit state at a glance. White indicates an "inactive" or "deactivating" state. Red indicates a "failed" or "error" state and green indicates an "active", "reloading" or "activating" state. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 181px; overflow: hidden; width: 616px;"><img height="181" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/9iSKDvwWwNh-JQhaRIgXY45CapPfrtM0k1B3OVM2DS2KUSx63wdrVMvsnCAwybBNhnOlB3x1E3f_Y5CfO6HY267i5zO4s9V_A2FhpsEZQOqgBREKR0NBMQb2JVmn3NDMPgPint7P" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="616" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 152px; overflow: hidden; width: 616px;"><img height="152" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/R_Ux5pW_d8B1t2nMT5yU7CFp5FTML8nFcN-z5CoCgOpsOM8a-71XFJnM5PzAd9wPunoSbatdIX9wDIDpfn1zoBaQokirZbDK9a5EwdELw2E2pTI4pThIFxRPQ--J7-8qIAf5fBMX" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="616" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>[8] A dot represents the SELinux context tags when shown as the output of “ll” or “ls -l” command.</span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The “ls -l” command does show if SELinux context tag is set or applicable on files/directories in the form of a dot at the end of permission bit list. Any new files/directories that are created when SELinux is disabled would not do this. To demonstrate this, let's disable SELinux and reboot the system, and then create a new file “newfile” and test it.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 249px; overflow: hidden; width: 506px;"><img height="249" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/1cjg3NAff3YqVIjvdoPIJa_sMHQq9F4K2f_NKc8_GRp2yaIjiRAcDZcJCmG7TuqSxtnBPy0-FUyeSFpVRolC9lPrycGampQaZWp6ExczdRAUfLiZJl-fU6-3PrnAi9zvLyMFN6Iw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="506" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As it is noticed in the above snapshot, a new file and directory by name “newfile” & “newdir” are created after SELinux was disabled, and hence, the dot character just after the permission bit list is not there. However, enabling SELinux would kick-off the relabel process for all missing ones. </span></p></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-57002094751022122292020-10-12T12:46:00.018+05:302024-03-15T11:33:34.780+05:30Some Differences Between Red Hat Satellite & SUSE Manager<p><br /></p><p><google-sheets-html-origin></google-sheets-html-origin></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; table-layout: fixed; width: 0px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><colgroup><col width="170"></col><col width="335"></col><col width="332"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 59px;"><td style="background-color: #92d050; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat Satellite"}" style="background-color: #92d050; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Red Hat Satellite</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Manager"}" style="background-color: #92d050; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">SUSE Manager</td></tr><tr style="height: 143px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Upstream Version"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Upstream Version</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"In Red Hat Satellite (version 6 onwards) there are multiple open-source upstream projects involved such as Foreman, Katello, Pulp, Candlepin etc,. In earlier version which is Satellite version 5, spacewalk was being used."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">In Red Hat Satellite (version 6 on-wards) there are multiple open-source upstream projects involved such as Foreman, Katello, Pulp, Candlepin etc,. In earlier version which is Satellite version 5, spacewalk was being used.</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Uyuni (a fork of Spacewalk, based on SaltStack) is the upstream for SUSE Manager 4 and later releases. \"Spacewalk\" was used earlier. "}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Uyuni (a fork of Spacewalk, based on SaltStack) is the upstream for SUSE Manager 4 and later releases. "Spacewalk" was used earlier.</td></tr><tr style="height: 51px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Current Version*"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Current Version*</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat Satellite 6.7"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Red Hat Satellite 6.7</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Manager 4.1"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">SUSE Manager 4.1<span><a name='more'></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height: 302px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Simple Reference Architecture*"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Simple Reference Architecture*</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"- Picture from Red Hat Portal"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj7DR5XrZVHclkaJ2dBGrNgwK-oIClimY6hOl2tohd62rZtgN3w3epQphgP_99H5y6T1C1TtCSU6GPlyidSJc2-sipLF_FphY5JEf5x9H1ZFkBDRHIu1NS1Zn2cxWRTQ3C0eOfpVjw6Ew/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="462" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj7DR5XrZVHclkaJ2dBGrNgwK-oIClimY6hOl2tohd62rZtgN3w3epQphgP_99H5y6T1C1TtCSU6GPlyidSJc2-sipLF_FphY5JEf5x9H1ZFkBDRHIu1NS1Zn2cxWRTQ3C0eOfpVjw6Ew/w332-h277/image.png" width="332" /></a></div>- Picture from Red Hat Portal</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"- Picture from SUSE portal"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: normal;"><img height="265" 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" width="323" /><br /><br />- Picture from SUSE portal </td></tr><tr style="height: 80px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Managing Virtual Guest Systems"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Managing Virtual Guest Systems</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"This is done using \"virt-who\" in case of Satellite for managing the virtual systems."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">This is done using "virt-who" in case of Satellite for managing the virtual systems.</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"The \"virt-host-gatherer\" is being used in SUSE Manager for the same purpose."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">The "virt-host-gatherer" is being used in SUSE Manager for the same purpose.</td></tr><tr style="height: 118px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Configuration Management, Remote Execution & Orchestration Tool"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Configuration Management, Remote Execution & Orchestration Tool</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Puppet is used in case of Satellite (also possible with Ansible and its usage is more after Ansible acquisition by Red Hat).\n"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Puppet is used in case of Satellite (also possible with Ansible and its usage is more after Ansible acquisition by Red Hat).<br /></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" \"Salt Open\" is used in case of SUSE Manager."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">"Salt Open" is used in case of SUSE Manager.</td></tr><tr style="height: 88px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Automated System Deployment or installation"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;"><span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":31679,"3":{"1":0},"4":{"1":2,"2":14348019},"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"10":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":{"1":2,"2":9961472},"15":"\"Times New Roman\"","16":13,"17":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Architectural Core Components*"}" style="font-size: 13pt;">Architectural Core Components*</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" \"Kickstart\" is the key feature for the auto installation of systems in case of Red Hat."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Satellite Server & Capsule Server : </span><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Satellite server along with Capsule (integrated or separate) would form the heart of the eco-system along with many open-source projects as described below:
</span><span style="font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Foreman & Foreman Proxy : </span><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Foreman is a complete life-cycle management tool for physical and virtual servers.
</span><span style="font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Katello : </span><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Katello brings the full power of content management alongside the provisioning and configuration capabilities of Foreman.
</span><span style="font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Puppet : </span><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Puppet is an open source software configuration management and deployment tool.
</span><span style="font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Candlepin : </span><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Candlepin is a collection of tools which allow companies to manage software subscriptions.
</span><span style="font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Pulp : </span><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pulp is a platform for managing repositories of software packages. It is an open-source Red Hat Community Project.
</span><span style="font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Hammer : </span><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">The command line interface to the Satellite eco-system is managed using "hammer CLI".</span></div><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration-skip-ink: none;">- qpid : </span><span style="text-decoration-skip-ink: none;">Apache Qpid™ makes messaging tools that speak AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) and support many languages and platforms. AMQP is an open internet protocol for reliably sending and receiving messages.</span></span></div></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\"AutoYast\" being used in case deploying SLES systems."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span data-sheets-textstyleruns="{"1":0,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":38}{"1":251,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":262}{"1":424,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":437}{"1":600,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":615}{"1":671,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":686}{"1":751,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":767}{"1":818,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":834}{"1":932,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":945}{"1":990,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":999}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":{"1":0},"4":{"1":2,"2":14348019},"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":{"1":2,"2":4408131},"15":"\"Times New Roman\"","16":13}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"- SUSE Manager Server (Salt Master) : The Salt Master is a daemon that runs on the SUSE Manager Server. This is the configuration management server for all the Salt Minions. Inside the Salt Master there is a chunk of code know as mgr_events.\n \n- Tomcat : Tomcat reacts to Salt Events that are the results of Salt Minions executing commands issued from the Salt Master. The SUMA Web UI is also implemented in Tomcat.\n\n- Salt API : The Salt Application Programming Interface (API) serves as a connector between Tomcat and the Salt Master and between the Taskomatic process and the Salt Master.\n\n- Taskomatic : Kind of like a mixture of the “cron” and “at” commands\n\n- PostgreSQL : An embedded database that contains all the data handled by SUMA\n\n- Salt Minion : Client agent, works on commands from Salt Master.\n\n- ZeroMQ(0MQ) : An Open-Source messaging library designed to connect disparate parts of any distributed systems.\n\n- Cobbler : Used for bare metal deployment of client OS.\n\n- Kiwi : Kiwi is a command line tool written in Perl that is used to build Linux OS images in any number of supported formats."}" style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">- SUSE Manager Server (Salt Master) : </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">The Salt Master is a daemon that runs on the SUSE Manager Server. This is the configuration management server for all the Salt Minions. Inside the Salt Master there is a chunk of code known as mgr_events.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">- Tomcat : </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Tomcat reacts to Salt Events that are the results of Salt Minions executing commands issued from the Salt Master. The SUMA Web UI is also implemented in Tomcat.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">- Salt API : </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">The Salt Application Programming Interface (API) serves as a connector between Tomcat and the Salt Master and between the Taskomatic process and the Salt Master.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">- Salt Minion : </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Client agent, works on commands from Salt Master.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">- ZeroMQ(0MQ) : </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">An Open-Source messaging library designed to connect disparate parts of any distributed systems.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">- Cobbler : </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">sed for bare metal deployment of client OS.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">- Kiwi : </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Kiwi is a command line tool written in Perl that is used to build Linux OS images in any number of supported formats.</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 114px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Default/Integrated Database"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Default/Integrated Database</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat Satellite 6 includes an embedded PostgreSQL database and an embedded MongoDB database. "}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Red Hat Satellite 6 includes an embedded PostgreSQL database and an embedded MongoDB database.</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Manger comes with default PostgreSQL which can be either internal for small network and could be external for larger network (ideally more than 1000 clients network)."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">SUSE Manger comes with default PostgreSQL which can be either internal for small network and could be external for larger network (ideally more than 1000 clients network).</td></tr><tr style="height: 61px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Command Line Intrface (CLI) Tool"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Command Line Interface (CLI) Tool</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"The \"hammer CLI\" is the tool."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">The "hammer CLI" is the tool.</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"The \"spacecmd\" command is used in case of SUSE Manager"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">The "spacecmd" command is used in case of SUSE Manager</td></tr><tr style="height: 146px;"><td colspan="1" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Installation/Setup Procedure/Process"}" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;"><span><div style="max-height: 236px;">Installation/Setup Procedure/Process</div></span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Installation requires a pre-installed RHEL host. There is no add-on available while installing base host (RHEL)."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Installation requires a pre-installed RHEL host. There is no add-on available while installing base host (RHEL).</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Either install SUSE Manager as an extension at the time of installation of SLES, otherwise install required packages after system installation."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Either install SUSE Manager as an extension at the time of installation of SLES, otherwise install required packages after system installation.</td></tr><tr style="height: 90px;"><td colspan="2" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Both do offer the option of using an ISO image that contains all the required packages, which could be downloaded and used offline to setup the components. \n\nThe system could be a physical/virtual or a cloud instance as well, both offers the same."}" rowspan="1" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Both do offer the option of using an ISO image that contains all the required packages, which could be downloaded and used offline to setup the components.<br /><br />The system could be a physical/virtual or a cloud instance as well, both offers the same.</td></tr><tr style="height: 370px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Officially Supported Clients"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Officially Supported Clients</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"The following client operating systems are supported by latest Red Hat Satellite 6.7*:\n\n- RHEL 8(ppc_64, s390x*, x86_64)\n- RHEL 7(ppc_64, s390x*, x86_64)\n- RHEL 6/5(IA-32, PPC, s390x*, x86_64) (RHEL 6.4+ clients only) (RHEL 5.7+ clients only)"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">The following client operating systems are supported by latest Red Hat Satellite 6.7*:<br /><br />- RHEL 8(ppc_64, s390x*, x86_64)<br />- RHEL 7(ppc_64, s390x*, x86_64)<br />- RHEL 6/5(IA-32, PPC, s390x*, x86_64) (RHEL 6.4+ clients only) (RHEL 5.7+ clients only)</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Manager* (version 4.1) supports the below list of client operating systems:\n\n- SLES 15/12/11 (both traditional & salt clients) \n- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server-ES 7/6 (x86_64)\n- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP (x86_64, POWER)\n- RHEL 8/7/6\n- Oracle Linux 8 (only salt clients)\n- Oracle Linux 7/6\n- CentOS 8(only salt clients)\n- CentOS 6/7\n- openSUSE Leap 15\n- Ubuntu 20.04/18.04/16.04 (only salt clients)"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">SUSE Manager* (version 4.1) supports the below list of client operating systems:<br /><br />- SLES 15/12/11 (both traditional & salt clients)<br />- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server-ES 7/6 (x86_64)<br />- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP (x86_64, POWER)<br />- RHEL 8/7/6<br />- Oracle Linux 8 (only salt clients)<br />- Oracle Linux 7/6<br />- CentOS 8(only salt clients)<br />- CentOS 6/7<br />- openSUSE Leap 15<br />- Ubuntu 20.04/18.04/16.04 (only salt clients)</td></tr><tr style="height: 174px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Live Patching"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Live Patching</td><td data-sheets-textstyleruns="{"1":0}{"1":224,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":231}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Starting with RHEL 8.1, RHEL 7.7; RHEL-7.6, starting with kernel-3.10.0-957.35.1.el7 -- live kernel patches will be available on the Red Hat Content Delivery Network(CDN) and can be installed via the yum command. Managed by kpatch command."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Starting with RHEL 8.1, RHEL 7.7; RHEL-7.6, starting with kernel-3.10.0-957.35.1.el7 -- live kernel patches will be available on the Red Hat Content Delivery Network(CDN) and can be installed via the yum command. Managed by </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">kpatch </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">command.</span></td><td data-sheets-textstyleruns="{"1":0}{"1":124,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":150}{"1":165,"2":{"5":1}}{"1":172}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"In SUSE it is supported on clients running with SLES15 SP1 or later version & SLES12 SP1 or later. This is managed by Using Kernel Live Patching (KLP) in SLES15 and kgraft in SLES12."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">In SUSE it is supported on clients running with SLES15 SP1 or later version & SLES12 SP1 or later. This is managed by Using </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">Kernel Live Patching (KLP)</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> in SLES15 and </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">kgraft </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">in SLES12.</span></td></tr><tr style="height: 330px;"><td colspan="1" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Hardware/Software Requirements for Production Server Setup"}" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;"><span><div style="max-height: 390px;">Hardware/Software Requirements for Production Server Setup</div></span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Minimum hardware requirements to install Red Hat Satellite server 6.7* for a production ready environment:\n\n- Latest RHEL7 release with XFS file system\n- 4-core 2.0 GHz CPU\n- 20 GB RAM\n- Active/current Red Hat Satellite subscription (Smart Management)\n- A properly resolvable FQDN\n- Disk space requirements: \n /var/cache/pulp/ = 20GB\n /var/lib/pulp/ = 300GB \n /var/log/ = 10GB "}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Minimum hardware requirements to install Red Hat Satellite server 6.7* for a production ready environment:<br /><br />- Latest RHEL7 release with XFS file system<br />- 4-core 2.0 GHz CPU<br />- 20 GB RAM<br />- Active/current Red Hat Satellite subscription (Smart Management)<br />- A properly resolvable FQDN<br />- Disk space requirements:<br />/var/cache/pulp/ = 20GB<br />/var/lib/pulp/ = 300GB<br />/var/log/ = 10GB</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Minimum hardware requirements to install SUSE Manager 4.1* for a production ready environment:\n\n- SLES15 SP2 host operating system\n- SUSE Manager subscription\n- 4 64-bit Cpu cores\n- 32 GB RAM\n- Disk space = /(root) -- 24GB, /var/lib/pgsql -- 50GB, /var/spacewalk -- 50 GB per SUSE product and 360 GB per Red Hat product, /var/cache -- 10GB, Swap space -- 4GB\n- A properly resolvable FQDN."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Minimum hardware requirements to install SUSE Manager 4.1* for a production ready environment:<br /><br />- SLES15 SP2 host operating system<br />- SUSE Manager subscription<br />- 4 64-bit Cpu cores<br />- 32 GB RAM<br />- Disk space = /(root) -- 24GB, /var/lib/pgsql -- 50GB, /var/spacewalk -- 50 GB per SUSE product and 360 GB per Red Hat product, /var/cache -- 10GB, Swap space -- 4GB<br />- A properly resolvable FQDN.</td></tr><tr style="height: 60px;"><td colspan="2" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"**The disk space requirements are based on expected use case scenarios and can vary according to individual environments."}" rowspan="1" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">**The disk space requirements are based on expected use case scenarios and can vary according to individual environments.</td></tr><tr style="height: 76px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Content Caching/Federation"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Content Caching/Federation</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"This is done by Red Hat Capsule Server in case of Satellite."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #161616; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">This is done by Red Hat Capsule Server in case of Satellite.</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"In SUSE, it is handled by SUSE Manager Proxy server. "}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">In SUSE, it is handled by SUSE Manager Proxy server.</td></tr><tr style="height: 309px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Cost*"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Subscription Cost*</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat Enterprise Linux Smart Management Add-On (1 Year) :\n\n- with Limited Guests(RH00031) = US$350\n- with Un-limited Guests(RH00032) = US$1225\n\nThis could also be purchased along with Server subscription. For more details please vist the Red Hat Stores site (https://www.redhat.com/en/store)."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #161616; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">Red Hat Enterprise Linux Smart Management Add-On (1 Year) :<br /><br />- with Limited Guests(RH00031) = US$350<br />- with Un-limited Guests(RH00032) = US$1225<br /><br />This could also be purchased along with Server subscription. For more details please vist the Red Hat Stores site (https://www.redhat.com/en/store).</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Manager Server, x86-64, 1 Instance for 1-50 Managed Linux Instances:\n- Priority Subscription, 1 Year = $5,000\n- Priority Subscription, 3 Years = $13500\n\nSUSE Manager Server, x86-64, 1 Instance for Unlimited Managed Linux Instances:\n- Priority Subscription, 1 Year = $10,000\n- Priority Subscription, 3 Years = $27000\n\nThis is also available for Power & z-System Processor architectures. Please refer SUSE portal for more details (https://www.suse.com/shop/suse-manager/). "}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal;">SUSE Manager Server, x86-64, 1 Instance for 1-50 Managed Linux Instances:<br />- Priority Subscription, 1 Year = $5,000<br />- Priority Subscription, 3 Years = $13500<br /><br />SUSE Manager Server, x86-64, 1 Instance for Unlimited Managed Linux Instances:<br />- Priority Subscription, 1 Year = $10,000<br />- Priority Subscription, 3 Years = $27000<br /><br />This is also available for Power & z-System Processor architectures. Please refer SUSE portal for more details (https://www.suse.com/shop/suse-manager/).</td></tr><tr style="height: 13px;"><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; font-weight: 700;">Automated System Deployment or Installation.<br /><br /><br /></span></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 17.3333px;">"Kickstart" is the key feature for the auto installation of systems in case of Red Hat.</span></div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br /><br /></span></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 17.3333px;">"AutoYast" being used in case deploying SLES systems.<br /><br />Yomi (yet one more installer) is a Salt-based installer for SUSE and openSUSE operating systems. In SUSE Manager 4.1, Yomi can be used as part of provisioning new clients, as an alternative to AutoYaST.</span></td></tr><tr style="height: 12px;"><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td></tr><tr style="height: 13px;"><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;"><td colspan="3" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"These comparisons are based on Server Enterprise versions of Red Hat Satellite & SUSE Manager. \n*as of now data, at the time of writing this blog page. This could change down the line."}" rowspan="1" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: normal;">These comparisons are based on Server Enterprise versions of Red Hat Satellite & SUSE Manager.<br />*as of now data, at the time of writing this blog page. This could change down the line.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-40809412956496173712020-07-03T13:05:00.002+05:302021-06-06T19:05:02.179+05:30Top 10 Dangerous Operations or Commands To Be Executed Carefully In Linux<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-705224c5-7fff-f7a7-92d7-af2fd714ab18"><span style="border: none; clear: right; display: inline-block; float: right; height: 228px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 229px;"><img height="228" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/auf3jxxW6nEs8W17oh3p78QSwzXGAUuRwnsMXNbdReR0MPlxRZn4h6AUGjkv0ymPya32yk2Y74L5VJxEyNmhq1UxwFRDVv9SK_A94ReXnVqhbWzEVK8gvLUE-g0iuZmGm8ElUiud" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="229" /></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I</span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">’ve come up with these 10 categories of tasks/commands/operations which would render a system un-usable or may cause service disruption or network outage when executed without proper precaution or understanding of the impact of the command and how it works. Most of these commands would also have a forceful execution option which doesn’t even raise a prompt before execution(when run by root or any privileged sudo user). This is in addition to the notorious recursive & forceful file removal command (rm -rf /). I’ve not considered the standard shutdown/reboot commands since these are known and understood by the command itself. Some of the commands would certainly require a root privilege, but the point here is that even as a root user, such commands should never be executed without understanding the details.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">] Any service stop or restart commands</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If any running services are stopped or restarted un-necessarily using either ‘service’ or ‘systemctl’ command then it would impact underlying applications or users connected.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # systemctl stop sshd.service </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # systemctl stop network.service </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">] Hard disk partition creation/deletion commands or utilities</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, if any disk utilities or commands used which could either remove or create a new partition without proper precautions could render the respective application become unavailable. Most well known commands in this space are “fdisk”, “parted” & “partx”. When someone executes these commands without proper understanding of underlying disk & partitions, then there are possible chances that the execution might corrupt other running/used partitions. </span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">3</span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">] File system creation commands</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When a file system creation command gets executed on an already used block device which could eventually end up in re-writing the metadata and existing data would become in-accessible. Hence, such commands would need additional precautions and check before executing. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example: </span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # mkfs.ext<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4 </span>/dev/sda1 </span></b><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">] File system check/scan commands</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Though such commands are meant to fix file system integrity, but should not be run unnecessarily on a healthy file system. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # e2fsck -fy /dev/sda1 </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Otherwise, most of such commands would also provide the dry-run option which could be used first to check integrity of the underlying file system. This causes the operation to be done in read-only mode without making any changes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # e2fsck -n /dev/sda1 </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>[5] Improper usage of null or random character redirection operations</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Any such operation executed accidentally or without much knowledge of how the command works is a disaster since such operations are not reversible. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # echo > /etc/fstab </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda1 </span></b></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">] Network down or "ip address delete" command</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Any network down command (if down) (not applicable in RHEL8.x since it is deprecated) or ip address edit/deletion using “ip” command is dangerous when executed on a live/production box which causes the active IP to be in-accessible. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # ifdown eth0 </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <b><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"> # ip address delete</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">172.18.1.90/24</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> dev enp0s</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3 </span></span></b></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">] Changes to /proc or /sys files</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As we know, the /proc or /sys file system represents the virtual file system which provides an interface to the underlying hardware sub-system and offers kernel tuning options. So, any changes here are effective immediately. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If any such operation performed without proper knowledge or executed by mistake is considered as destructive and not reversible (not recommended on production environment which is highly loaded/busy which may lead to deadlock):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example: <b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # echo </span></b></span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reference:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: orange;"><a href="https://access.redhat.com/solutions/5409" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/5409</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ The below command causes system to crash immediately and reboot:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # echo c > /proc/sysrq-trigger </span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ The below command causes system reboot: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # echo b > /proc/sysrq-trigger </span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reference:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: orange;"><a href="https://access.redhat.com/solutions/2023" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/2023</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>[8] Forceful kill of any running process/threads</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Any application or system daemon/process/thread killed forcefully using kill command (similar commands) would cause the respective service unavailable. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # pkill </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">sshd </span></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # kill -9 $(preg sshd) </span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>[9] Deletion of a system/application user account may also cause disruption</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # userderl -r sshd </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ This would render any new SSH sessions requests to be blocked, but existing sessions would continue until the session is active.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>[10] Improper firewall/iptables rule creation/modification</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, any improper firewall/iptables implementation would also cause system lockout or application become in-accessible etc,. Since these rules are parsed from top to bottom whichever rule matches first would get evaluated. Hence, proper precautions needs to be taken when making changes to current rules or while implementing new rules. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i>--end--</i></b></span><br />
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-87282406409020135412020-05-04T17:18:00.014+05:302021-06-06T19:14:47.750+05:30Lets Upgrade From RHEL7 To RHEL8<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-59ca56bf-7fff-7d06-ce9d-af1eced7c0b9"><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>I</b></span></span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">t has been quite some time since RHEL8 was released. Red Hat has officially announced the upgrade support from </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RHEL6 → RHEL7 & RHEL7 → RHEL8</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. This is with certain conditions and limitations. One has to read the complete document from Red Hat to understand the caveats about it. As per the official documentation from Red Hat, only Server variant is supported. So, let’s first understand certain important limitations before we could plan the upgrade. </span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>What is the supported upgrade path? </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">- An in-place upgrade is currently supported only from RHEL7.6 to RHEL8.1 release (likewise from RHEL6.10 to RHEL7.6)*. As per the recent update the upgrade from RHEL7.8 to RHEL8.2 is supported and for details check the <b>UPDATE </b>section at the bottom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Only Server variant with 64-bit Intel, 64-bit ARM, IBM POWER (little endian), IBM Z architectures are supported.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Known Limitations </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ A rollback to the last known good state has not been implemented in the </span><b style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leapp </b><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">utility. A complete system backup prior to the upgrade is recommended.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Only packages of the group “Base” & “Minimal” are supported.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Any encrypted file systems or files are not supported. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ No Multipath or any kind of network storage mount can be used as a system partition (for example, iSCSI, FCoE or NFS).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ In-place upgrade for instances running on public cloud such as Amazon, Google Cloud etc, are currently not supported.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b><u>Demo System Setup </u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is the system (RHEL</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.6</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) which is being used to perform the upgrade to RHEL8.1 release and the details are provided below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">System Type: Virtual system running on Oracle VirtualBox.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">System Release: RHEL</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.6</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The system is configured with basic <b>httpd </b>service, and I've created a simple index file as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">System native <b>firewalld </b>has been configured to allow httpd service:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 291px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="291" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/lrXNybOlJPG8LNFKidLry43tLmitfKHDqaKIAzWX110-0hnUVqVmvdI-04Un1JNXZlTG-J9LtYGoB0Y7IWVIsgiXHA8pnaet8evqLIq-GdWtCKGbhttDrmtis-31fLHJj-cf_VJi" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">SELinux is in default <b>"Enforcing"</b> mode and there are 2 network interfaces configured, one with static IP and other one in DHCP mode:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>Let’s Upgrade to RHEL8</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Phase 1: </span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Preparing a RHEL </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> system for the upgrade</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are certain pre-checks to be performed before we could actually trigger the upgrade. Let’s see what are those steps:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Make sure that the system is successfully registered with Red Hat using Subscription Manager (with Red Hat Content Delivery Network). Otherwise, with a centralized package management system such as Red Hat Satellite. Verify if subscription is current:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Enable EUS (Extended Update Support) repos if available. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The following command needs to be executed to get this done:</span></div>
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<img height="158" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/hTiZyf7H6KZT3BrrlbuVZ145NCbiDHrbWAS8tvgjaJ6Dqmsya0iwzmazhpchgm-4R6egw12ogZWNO2ZfaX5N8inqjoIODf7PdSdhogSrMrDmYfkDspwK5x1IhxjEsfJnpbWhL3fo" style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;" width="624" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Lock the release to </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.6</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> release.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"># subscription-manager release --set 7.6 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Ensure you've the system locale set to en_US.UTF-8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cat /etc/locale.conf</span></span></div>
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<img height="52" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/IWgaQmwNDv_dMrQe3pjJmGYPvLWjF1axwUQypGm6ZWWhC0IMYleYGV1IEQ88CaVCOPTIVhsiwmgj21Vu10qE4Cwhv3uSzSSZv2ADYXBo48KaNgyULFxo4M9pYTGvMY-ZrzLSmKPa" style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;" width="624" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Run update to get the latest packages of 7.6 release.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum update -y && reboot</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Verify if the kernel is updated and release is still 7.6:</span></span></div>
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<img height="71" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/7F4z1rtGG_PqpBD4G-zl8e1tTvJIqHb_dVEmRvFbaV4icrCZaXDsL57tJZ-PgbmLAs5J6fzB3LFfsJneiQNLv50q53DEo606V2kiBeUeg1xNcGUfvBsI1pyaLONivM9ElI9TPmb0" style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;" width="624" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Install leapp utility.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum install leapp -y</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Make sure that the leapp-deps package is "leapp-deps-0.9.0-1.el7.noarch" or later version.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Download additional required data files:</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://access.redhat.com/articles/3664871" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://access.redhat.com/articles/</span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3664871</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Refer the steps in the article, download and extract the file. There should be two files under “/etc/leapp/files” folder as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since these two files are owned by redhat user, I changed them to root since the parent directory was owned by root:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Make sure to disable any configuration management agents or tools installed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. If network interface names are based on legacy ‘ethx’ conventions then need to get them converted to newer way, otherwise, follow the article:</span><a href="https://access.redhat.com/solutions/4067471" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/4067471</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Make a full system backup or a virtual machine snapshot (if system is virtual) as a final precaution before proceeding. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>Phase 2: Let’s run pre-upgrade check</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During this phase, the preupgrade leapp utility would collect data about the system, assesses upgradability, and produces a pre-upgrade report in the </span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">“/var/log/leapp/leapp-report.txt”</span></b></span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">file and in the console. This report would show potential problems and any fixes if available. </span></div>
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<b><span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Run the </span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘leapp preupgrade’</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> command.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This would validate the system to check if it meets the minimum requirement to perform an upgrade. It would take some time to get this done. When ran on my demo system it failed with two major errors as shown below:</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-81504d9c-7fff-16c7-2c64-a41bd6ed89d9"><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 322px; overflow: hidden; width: 677px;"><img height="322" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/waBncGH2njj5GGFtfp6o640Ja32QZrkbi5ko914O16SNXxp_JMnAhI6Vl9fH2l8XiuLZ9qzrTiApuhxJ92yiRILRTwdXgxwA9mRs21xuWcYm3cHmPNj_80h40DUvCJbJbv0C70-g" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="677" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When checked the file ‘/var/log/leapp/leapp-report.txt’ file, these were the two major areas of failure:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 181px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="181" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/lKqL9SUpxTfkmGVPVXPYCQiTuu-663bBprz2s1vfAo70iNbFypjd4PBxFFJ59QSFlcPvHhK00e6ocs7UsG7XhISEfG26yGydk5_C1QVj7kBPOlul0Olk0tjQL19e_tISqiqtRTBt" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>Step 2: Fix any errors and re-run the “leapp preupgrade” command.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Enabled “PermitRootLogin” parameter in ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config’ and restarted the “sshd” service (since I've used to root to connect to my system, this may not be an issue otherwise, where normally root direct login is disabled).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">- </span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Removed the “e1000” network driver module and used a different network driver module for the system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">After fixing those errors, I ran the "leapp preupgrade" command and found that though there were no "errors" reported, but there were 2 "Risk Factor: High" events found as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 196px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="196" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/MV5vNHdSGpTyn_MHKPY6LgE7afFXjJXvihAC_nkM25D6rxoO-dVk3VXK4uPgfjjUhZzPfyPqAsCJ677EnL5DiUKIQbm7V82uscgi8ZgkxRxWYuGVptBfh3JrxJM_wQcGXjQANlLv" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">I ran a package check on those and found they are not installed as shown above, so I presume that there is no such major risk. Hence, ready to do an upgrade. </span></div>
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<span><b><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Phase </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Let’s do the upgrade now </span></b></span></div>
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<b><span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Run the </span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘leapp upgrade’</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> command.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">When I first ran 'leapp upgrade' it was not successful and there were 2 high risk notifications which were pointing to the packages as explained before. So, I checked and found that the EUS repos were not enabled, hence enabled EUS repos again:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOTE: Since system gets rebooted after update, it is highly advisable to check this once before running upgrade. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Leapp upgrade started → </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 126px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="126" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/VimdFat9LMDV-mM_GPO8BW5goGayVtRbXmMl6sD-oNBogqnZAU8rH05ULo98BlxSIi7bzS6wj_Sl_CGWmlI-1Jnx-KI1YoynaV1B4ilesSeALJkqjJ_c-vVHwQkGcxAm80uvkXDs" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It has installed/updated many packages as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 195px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="195" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/KXY8XxkpSL_aIR_ZsLCY5QOCdwegb7WnHZ-sxv7ralPx-MJsM2d9phzEDKUGImXUQHsDp1giNdcvFgcoH59akwF98SxkszdQra-fJDGs3SZaA7SDag8_sAphw8XCiT9k_EuHSLZx" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally got the screen which says that it has completed the task and system needs a reboot now:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 196px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="196" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/7dBS4OEO6_jzA08083AnvaUtKchbwOBSIQmDtvYsH4wP6BOu-dOTFNNsLAmzORZhCWI-l6MxyXdgvuIi-3Rvfy-rd2tdv0CU5j_p7YyvmcXyvBQuVK-Hits4fhebP3Jv9nyz9LF0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOTE: Please don’t forget to set SELinux to ‘Enforcing’ mode since we had set it to ‘Permissive’ earlier. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"># setenforce 1 && reboot </span></div>
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<span><b><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Phase </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Post Upgrade State </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>Step 1: Inspect & validate.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the reboot, I noticed that system has not yet completely updated initramfs and other kernel image files since I could see the boot entry as </span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘RHEL-Upgrade-Initramfs’</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as shown :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 310px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="310" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/kmamb9ld1dAkjANjsLOC4wOEPiQdXHfExaP41vnzpva4QdY81zkCgldAYt_rYbR3Uh_J8AeyzRgFlFwg6pmksfDHOnNNxv2lRoZ30pqsLCW0LGFz_pujBHU7FXqlHig8m43MLofz" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the reboot, the system did several updates again:</span></div>
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<img height="309" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/dqYoPQYdVUUEYe2h9uGX9boa60im0EhA09pKunqwQD_E5vZEalOtNao06UjVY26SEtpG-jeoEqY7JOlQVTL23QcU7ERzArD83AwFBQ1UH06dpzwdSa5XnMVpwVGxDFJPalNsOIjI" style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;" width="624" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 296px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="296" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/pU5_K-Huvm9D_WSqUHuD0dr291bIQFeeebVO3IEJk6nDsHB_7-ASGMKyyn9wAreR6IxxckcxBdEqXTaPWVygrxRvpYZVo2FYOLIDCmZ3y625FOJuUAk22jvuLa5YWFvQ6JhbLNIF" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After installing the updates, the system dropped into shell mode and I've to reboot the system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>Yes, finally the RHEL8 GRUB screen came up:</span></b></span></div>
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<img height="146" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/yQasAAbuNkSPZNq-kk2-8pHLd1-v1xj3yzjmFO_0FmN2MLCpai2T_ioaDWyIh9zvWTA2Z53lIqljaGC3Jvsg2niv8CeFXvkH1v_ZxU1lSUclo7Mh3tIQA408mBiqqhegUH3E554G" style="color: #252525; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;" width="624" /></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 89px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="89" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/PPpdChT0Y4bGraVyAgRY2JPS6kAMEQ2-jTvtsZ8XEoJC9C-sN2DydyaIzwvRAFc2_QmmraWGLIybsD3OhEpEhUqvIrGWrNT33JuXGhHdXrDNkBMzPHmec3SDRHuTuKL8JKW3n009" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>Step 2: Let's login and check.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I was unable to login using both root and user account as well. Both failed and I have to break & reset the root user account password to login.</span></div>
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<img height="232" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/AgMwp9xSe7vEJZXucStuojULPzeheZdC_oH07ekccH3Hky7h68E-w7NQK1QB9sJG4PWdzdY4gXB10kGhui_pd5Jtdk52gTDWVzq83oFeY2E6uWg0dl3H6RTC7W4Q9tcImZqfT7p1" style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;" width="624" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally, I made successful login to root user account.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a6c285e5-7fff-ae4c-6344-667b998f95f3"><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 245px; overflow: hidden; width: 669px;"><img height="245" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/yIIJLaEZQQJf2DS4x0CGPdPwqgyu-8ZkqwIl8Zko2yL71nnWNn7UWpTJh5yoaKNUVf-DVXm0unnfChzBw6t22ZeUwQRD4PorQkAco8bfkK_Cz-rtTRwd0dM3fPRnnIyfrPIfheB6" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="669" /></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: large; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Success……….!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let me check if the basic <b>http </b>service that I had configured is still working. The curl command didn't work though the <b>httpd </b>daemon was up. When checked there was no network interface found. Following errors were there in log messages:</span></div>
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<img height="239" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Tf1Z9OdA7lzT0xcxCVb6Qn5iIYcQm78Dr_tG7JjcinOgB300HmJ93UIUzMGAFFkQZp53aXJYz5xKpiTEGJ_ifQz9bbJLkfaSI-YXX8P0KOiMmXyNpw_FObt10clmkeHKt1fUPZqW" style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;" width="624" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">I found out it was because I had disabled "Intel PRO/1000 Network Driver" (e1000) since it was a risk component in the "leapp upgrade" process. I had enabled it and after which the httpd service started working (don't forget to attach RHEL8 subscriptions):</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-4e335455-7fff-0340-96ef-5e5c8f1b0388"><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 145px; overflow: hidden; width: 596px;"><img height="145" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/os6IwpVx5NZuSmCQMHxFsY_rHnPFrEKUVz0bUfAYTYZNJ2jThNVx3Klwz6UigLDwREp5JbT90HTyU4c6Aq9rkINMMiuCvSMyS4avbMQStLBK49VRMrUOdFNHvkuRGwrNilbgtZO-" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="596" /></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">That’s it! </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: medium;">*at the time of writing</span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Reference:<font color="#f7cb4d"> </font></span></span><a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html-single/upgrading_from_rhel_7_to_rhel_8/index" rel="nofollow" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank"><font color="#f7cb4d">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html-single/upgrading_from_rhel_7_to_rhel_8/index</font></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><font size="4">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</font></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><font face="trebuchet" size="4">UPDATES</font></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><font face="trebuchet" size="4"><br /></font></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font face="trebuchet" size="4">Yes, the "leapp upgrade" from RHEL7.8 to RHEL8.2 is also supported*. I had tried this upgrade and it worked. I'd say that the process/workflow of "leapp upgrade" is good and straightforward compared to earlier flow which was from RHEL7.6 to RHEL8.1 release.</font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font face="trebuchet" size="4"><br /></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font face="trebuchet" size="4">Important pre-checks in addition to those mentioned above before the upgrade from RHEL7.8 to RHEL8.2:</font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font face="trebuchet" size="4"><br /></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font face="trebuchet" size="4">- Required repos are "rhel-7-server-rpms" & "rhel-7-server-extras-rpms" only.</font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font face="trebuchet" size="4">- There is no need to lock the release using subscription-manager. But need to unset the release using "subscription-manager release --unset" command. </font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font face="trebuchet" size="4"><br /></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font face="trebuchet" size="4">My overall observation from the "leapp upgrade" is that Red Hat has made a very good process/workflow in getting the supported upgrade paths from RHEL7.x to RHEL8.x releases. </font></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-39492557095943685582020-03-16T23:37:00.003+05:302021-06-10T16:15:18.515+05:30How to completely disable boot or startup messages?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-36304e35-7fff-1386-9236-a86eea607725"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Yes</b></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>,</b> there are situations where we’d get to see such requirements. So, a system should not show any boot or kernel or any messages whatsoever when booting and it should simply trigger/show the final GUI or CLI login screen. That is right. Sometimes it would be required to create such a system. In most recent versions of systemd based systems this could be achieved by nullifying systemd boot logs along with other options. Lets see how to get this done.</span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-36304e35-7fff-1386-9236-a86eea607725"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><u><b>Demo Setup </b></u></span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-36304e35-7fff-1386-9236-a86eea607725"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">System Type: Virtual system running on Oracle VirtualBox.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">System release: CentOS</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Systemd version: systemd</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">239</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 123px; overflow: hidden; width: 665px;"><img height="123" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/D2eE9nhzUgkG7WVesLsgy-chVmxcjCnvTAe3IdtyCocNyC9s-w-BJeTgW8Ld1ZM3QIcVDSMQQwgFuv9kVPeqwsfJ_loSStKVROzY1o4tTr5kPkpSIr4UDklQpjI71m--mASW9H1h" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="665" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b><u>A little information about bootup messages </u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s understand the different types of messages/information that we get to see when a system boots up in a standard setup. This could be broadly classified into the following categories: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ GRUB messages</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ systemd messages</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ rsyslogd (system logger daemon) messages</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ plymouth messages</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>GRUB Messages</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The GRUB and its related messages/information are seen initially after the stage1 bootloader phase. These messages are normally displayed/shown in a standard/default configuration based system. Its purpose is to help a user to interrupt this stage2 loading phase and pass any parameters required to boot the system. Mainly, I found the below GRUB parameters are enough to suppress these messages: </span></div>
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<b style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden </span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: white;"> GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GRUB_TIMEOUT: This is the counter in seconds for which the system waits for and then continues with default selection. If any key is pressed in this timeframe then the system halts and shows up the available/installed kernel versions. Also, this allows a user to pass additional parameters which could override the actual configuration when booting. The default grub_timeout is '5'. This could be set to '0' to boot immediately without displaying the menu, or to '-1' to wait indefinitely. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE: If this option is unset or set to ‘menu’, then GRUB will display the menu and then wait for the timeout set by ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT’ to expire before booting the default entry. Pressing a key interrupts the timeout. If this option is set to ‘countdown’ or ‘hidden’, then, before displaying the menu, GRUB will wait for the timeout set by ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT’ to expire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET: In conjunction with ‘GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT’, set this to ‘true’ to suppress the verbose countdown while waiting for a key to be pressed before displaying the menu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>systemd messages</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In order to suppress the systemd logs while system is booting the following parameters could be used:</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> systemd.log_level=</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> systemd.show_status=</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0 </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b> rsyslogd messages </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To suppress the syslogd related messages while system is booting, set the below parameter:</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> --log-level=</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0 </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>plymouth messages</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plymouth is a graphical boot system and logger which makes use of the kernel-based mode setting (KMS) and Direct Rendering Manager (DRM). Plymouth also handles user interaction during boot. To suppress the plymouth related messages while booting, the following parameter could be added to grub configuration file: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: white;"> rd.plymouth=0 plymouth.enable=0 </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span><u>Let’s configure /etc/default/grub now </u></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, we need to add all these parameters in <b>‘/etc/default/grub’</b> file. This has to be added to the line <b><span style="color: #660000;">“GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT”</span></b>. In addition, I need to add GRUB_TIMEOUT arguments as well. Let's go ahead and make the changes and see how it works.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ file before configuration changes:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 127px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="127" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/3crAh4V63nADxJ493yoSEBHkPdZwWHDGtfsWl2NxCgAjdYk5RRy5PJa9iokYIk5mATDN6BIq9tUyRhDMhU9v07HXeLJEik-4w1u88W6qO49NB90-2dG6zZv1zIEbZiy2DszJhFWS" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ file after configuration changes:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 177px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="177" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/01CQ1FrK_prchfpMbad4IiIZi1JLxxp1N_vpujO1kWE8A1BsW5clL5WvOK1DHNLB1oAsYiLGFI7OLPapyDFrOhFYImPnlvwsbiVoHRT6IQk2YosGGRUFEaNMcSKjn2F-hGqOrRJz" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, basically I’ve added these lines additionally to the original ‘/etc/default/grub’ file:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="rhgb quiet rd.plymouth=</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> plymouth.enable=</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> --log-level=</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> systemd.log_level=</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> systemd.show_status=</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOTE:</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> If “rhgb quiet” was not there in the “GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX” then need to get this also added to the default line as shown above. It is always a good practice to make a backup of configuration files before making any changes so that it could be referred and reverted if something doesn’t work as expected. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Once those changes are set as defined, need to run the command <b>“grub2-mkconfig”</b> to get the changes incorporated into the “grub.cfg” file as shown below: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 102px; overflow: hidden; width: 667px;"><img height="102" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/aszgpo3lcHzW53VHjMlk5NJ50ywHLuTAm6jxx9n4VqqcX8aTTACzCRNUXMmc5YCoosKOp_qmc0tc2TGD8AIRWl7v9Jz6-cRdxZXg41SD6-kMPnl_VwwHzWWjsvelvZ5joCV7Xf9o" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="667" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Also, verify if the changes are set in the default boot stanza of “grub.cfg” by executing a grep command as dictated. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, we are all set. So, lets reboot the system and test. The system after reboot would not show-up any messages whatsoever on boot and would silently come up to the login screen. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 92px; overflow: hidden; width: 453px;"><img height="92" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ZnzPZ8e1lUDVVmLB4p1iSaEEHvOkVWN_tdsVKYsRLeofHnVVMC8U03pU4odi1IqH0UET3ktReAHtNaczz8HZgf_uMl43Rq5Ni6d1P3mL7UlrVTlDnIHG9C0vfxNFtw-4utSxLPjV" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="453" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Please remember that this way of making a system to boot does work as long as there are no issues in booting, but if there are any corruptions then the system would not show up any messages. So, in such cases the user needs to get into rescue mode to fix any such issues.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><b>References</b>: </i></span></span><a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Simple-configuration.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Simple-configuration.html</a></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-41006753879649901052020-01-18T16:03:00.002+05:302021-06-06T19:20:20.965+05:30How-To Safely Remove A Storage Device From A Linux System?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 22pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>T</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">here are situations where we would be required to remove a storage device or LUN from a system and attach it to another system for some other important purpose. So, how could this be achieved? Yes, we could remove a storage device attached to a system safely provided the system has enough bandwidth to accommodate data on another available volume. In this blog page, I’ve tried to document all the steps with screen-shots to demonstrate the same procedure. I hope this helps someone and if so, please leave a comment or hit Like button. Thank you!</span><br />
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<a name='more'></a><b><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Demo Setup</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this demonstration, I've taken the vg "datavg" as an example, which is made up of two physical volumes (pv) (/dev/sdb & /dev/sdc) and this is used to create the logical volume (lv) "datalv". Consider that there is a requirement to remove one of the pv’s which is "/dev/sdc” completely from the system, so that it would be used by storage team for other purposes. </span><span id="docs-internal-guid-42bf115c-7fff-4f8a-1196-0394a108a906"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A snapshot of the device structure is shown here:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 324px; overflow: hidden; width: 573px;"><img height="324" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/XfelGYxVGp-qRhYs8K77_J5m0Dv3tYRM6W04KJR1ye1PAlS3Suo95rlUxHtFAUdQsq68u_q1mZxywuBla3s81OyWgn-5gEYi-P1m4xPcwTERsv4cxt9l_EuDfRXtcJroW8v3-b7d" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="573" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 236px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="236" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/8PnxwBqgrDpU0RdCS9L4TgfymV9veVUf3YqFR4WqIyDgwGXECjMftFku6H802UhQDVG9eJeEjCIvBoycRUqzubHxmbfugI5Rqkqd8MHu3TU4RGc9g_bq15XntT4fNvjPdbgTAgVZ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this setup, we would plan to move all the extents of the device ‘/dev/sdc’ into the available (free) extents of the device ‘/dev/sdd’. The systematic procedure with screenshots is documented in this blog page.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></b></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 1: Close all users connected with file system.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Intimate everyone not to access the particular file system or not to get involved with any activities involved with the targeted file system. Since all such maintenance activities are pre-planned and would follow company standard IT guidelines, this is not a big concern. Though we are not taking the file system down, however, as a precautionary measure it is better not to perform any operation on the specified file system. We could otherwise trigger a broadcast a message and one such message sent to everyone by the root user shown here:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 108px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="108" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/l07XaqT_ysqRTFy0XD37oOti9Fn8jlG8DEMju5Mr_X4tYtVn_Ikow_tXBIzWLA6NSOeG6krz0WRvTUGXd0SO_xjtyZfTXQzGbgUS5P9wVRPiv-Hj3BKFUPtNQtWHSTCZhnQSkcB6" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Step 2: Backup data.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is another important process which has to be systematically executed and examined. Make sure to take backup before such activity and also check if backups are in good condition. The backup process varies from organizations to organizations and also each companies do carry/follow their own process.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 3</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Un-mount the device (or mount point)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Need to un-mount the block device being used. Again, this is not necessary. However, as a precautionary measure we’d un-mount the device. Also, run the "sync" command before the unmount to make sure that all necessary IO's are flushed to disk. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If unable to un-mount the block device then one could run "lsof <Mount-Point" to check which process is actually accessing the device and either wait for the process to exit cleanly, otherwise, kill the process if not important.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In an example of such an issue as shown below where user “redhat” is accessing the block device on the terminal “tty3”, therefore we could not un-mount this device.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 130px; overflow: hidden; width: 621px;"><img height="130" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Pxr600_pPXj3fN9D-yqWpdvaKgadpqfts7vYkEST_RSXx1sSSPoaHrU3Gu9pOgsAgdrWlowcM_PAzAgXmE-flZbi3b4KodDCsDsRQmF-iVEze8nnBrcrLjzQ0RDvxX3Qp2JfzfqZ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="621" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 101px; overflow: hidden; width: 538px;"><img height="101" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/jVKagy3Oynhs6wkzB9pM1V91xAo7BsQyD5wBCSLSlaZ-VPBg72JugDx1EeBPVDh74oLhI6YSkjWlnykVUh0WmjGXk8oIRAwmvogmiXKYpnRS6K5qE0X4rgHLCb4-HJtyM3nClO40" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="538" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, in such situations we could forcefully kill that particular user session (forcefully logout user session) if not important, otherwise, wait till that process goes off cleanly (this is just an example). After this un-mount the particular file system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 114px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="114" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Sr8ulVukRwEzsCkTnHe--V2qr7l6x5nj_NM6mr1_8qHHrFpONWoVLof8_-wVLPCQ-E_KbYfYQtqSiB-wYSQBYQtEm8zzRn_ha3M-4KY9hxpoQMHxggvSjq0k5AL7beTd90qJhD-I" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Flush IO.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Run </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"blockdev --flushbufs <DeviceName>"</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to flush any outstanding IO's of the device. </span><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOTE</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Please don’t run the command unnecessarily on other devices which may be IO bound, otherwise, if the activity is not planned.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-53fbb292-7fff-e7bc-cbe7-22fdf11d9c92"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 55px; overflow: hidden; width: 538px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ZUbnE7LTUTbRLJ3r3OBVsHbhsQelk7bOyf4xb1hpbqPv0kQA2jEEIsrDW8ESJtmybRF7ai72y5FaAFQQdWBEdBLPWu7maUgV7ey-Gd3KS9je6-g5Z9KfrK2nHVZ33sAP0sExfiEa" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: -15px;" width="538" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>Step 5: Remove device references to md (RAID) or LVM.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If the device is a member of an LVM, then need to move data using ‘pvmove’ command to another device, and then run ‘vgreduce’ command, and later remove physical volume (pv) using ‘pvremove’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Understand the corresponding volume group and identify the physical volumes, extent size, volume group, free extents and other attributes. Let’s run the </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“vgdisplay -v datavg”</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> command to understand the details about this volume group, mapped physical volumes etc,. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 516px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="516" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/j7EPyt9zPbgf1xiiDpjZrD1tmaxSmVB6SdJOBe7Bua1cKpG3BWTICHXpHmRUTzFtRZxgkdiBfaAF7wAeRMQu_ij5uu4hB6-sQIBIMoVeKnd_Qg6OoZjV5E79GhlBwV-RN4QvNN0h" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Identify another physical volume either equal or bigger than “/dev/sdc”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this demo setup, there another sparsely used physical volume (/dev/sdd) as shown below, which is of size 2GB and this would replace “/dev/sdc”:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 117px; overflow: hidden; width: 555px;"><img height="117" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Oj8K2pthAMyBrtDot7aEKqoZPX9QjFw3kYl6oGKeuKzLPc6fYz7sJ7XOOIq4VgSKMi6Xbo68gptyfcTd7tHAhSRxHhamBjxRboQ8WI4uXTmJLSOJ3KJquI0tOrRFwz4JMZiQMzZ8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="555" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Note: If the block device is not part of the volume group then, one has to do ‘pvcreate’ on the block device and then run ‘vgextend’ to make the pv part of the volume group.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let us find out more about physical extents that are used or free by using the ‘pvdisplay’ command. Run the ‘pvdisplay’ command with “-m” attribute as shown below:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">block device /dev/sdb</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 279px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="279" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/6q3wLE70iTzEOGaW7hk-6uxU2LAttRSXH20JML6qDGpoD0Fn85-SF1eMavRbQv4ulZO27KJ5yi5c8nuOawrg0JcECBvzpX8jSirNeYqPwj55Fv3Tzr54LGWZhkMGlG24FJQrRXT_" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">block device /dev/sdc</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 279px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="279" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/xp0NeCjXlLnCyRoFyVO4vCyOB8mJKqrAG1VJkQBDmKJKOACDZlrG8DLHHyEmixzrXwFkUcyNySciGnTbsfxrAi_y15dREz8_Vh9PFRXdxETD_9GCQo_TRKxlDBn5qw4qsuFSKbTR" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">block device /dev/sdd</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 296px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="296" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/NXN2ijA66GqYqj5INw7lkq7RUB-AE-ob6DlxEzQBEkb2l1nhfaKN2V-XWm0P0IgqpWxlaiwoGNqQ3hf3VYuCRuSAoPv-OuyLpZw7yP2Ta-3BaDVY4HCOO0dxY4bG_6A_gc_XR_AR" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From the above output, we could make it out that the physical volume ‘/dev/sdd’ has </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">411 </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">physical extents free ( </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">411 X 4 == 1644</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> MiB ). The physical extent mappings from </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100 </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">till </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">510 </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">are available. However, physical extents mapping from </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0 – 99</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> are being used.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Step 6: Let us move the physical extents.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this scenario, we would need to move physical extents of the device ‘/dev/sdc’ to ‘/dev/sdd’. The device ‘sdd’ has enough free extents available that could accommodate all the extents of ‘sdc’. There are a total of </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">255</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> PEs(Physical Extent) that we need to move out of the device ‘sdc’. Hence, we are moving it over to device ‘sdd’ starting from 100 till </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">355 </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">extents as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 220px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="220" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/vVdshndie2tG0aIeQb_X1yO_SLqUhlqOcmbasCBbvpcyVqROZ9AJG0DPPnix7QEhqtBJEbLSjqNkOUxHC0JizgxtxTxK1tcTveWaqTPTeip4GY42daNbAxIQbcIORDzl_LcU_T_W" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This operation would need free space to work in the background to complete the task. </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOTE: Please read the man page of the ‘pvmove’ command for details.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>Step 7: Verify and remove the physical volume.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As per the below screenshots, it is clear that the physical volume ‘/dev/sdc’ is totally free and could be removed from the volume group now safely. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 271px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="271" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p5EnbSA0izwAg6wWwQNO8sZLRVrLW2j79b9Qyw5I1j3g_iZ1QpRKAhNg1MeMY3CG3CCwzKJ-NgF4TVnBHVardyuOJzAgNo4c_GiBexfu9-WcMVCUY5lFvHZigcrPEAzGsmEdx4NS" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 110px; overflow: hidden; width: 604px;"><img height="110" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/upcNSWr2iQHsGFO-4dEruVPEC1JDiQbDRwEO5nDZ--GT98iA4_Hz1_nPpAlDogDeHpWrKIDlcmrzsGLIp6f4KdKXAjneXLECjfPJssiju9k_8elv7TEKNLjjHJ3iAXJgMhsT1MaY" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="604" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 370px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="370" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/WHauH66S6oKCHihqUS5_3a3qFPiGJhzi8ZlrfKqwUBAvnDQ6PfyiF1-S_WGUJ26rzDl1fFy7Q_oke9BY6iiNUyiUevPzj1xqr60jPKixPloO4M4FyCOz5nYVSQVL5hHpRneEsWVD" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Next step is to remove the physical volume out of the volume group and wipe out physical volume metadata as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 93px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="93" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/2mm1heSZUJxGaqiEFKT1LEIpwT5DNFJ7oeXHEv9C_L6n8DtPl130Puw9Kgdbed0_fW14jF0hhKuy_oK2fewrDBuCiMCn36NPtMrUZKJjrH3X31KovlCZo_XFZBjYwwiLBDZG_Eod" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOTE: If the device is a multipath device then run the command "multipath -ll" and note all paths to a device, then remove paths using "multipath -f <DeviceName>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Step 8: Remove Device References.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Remove references to the device's path based name like /dev/sd<x>, /dev/disk/by-path in any scripts, or applications or utilities so future addition or removal of devices would not be mistaken with current device.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally, remove device path from SCSI sub-system. First, take the device offline and then delete it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 274px; overflow: hidden; width: 617px;"><img height="274" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/NKC4l3AA9DCNFtBUFAjDgx8e6pLkXzSS2HRGDvSvO3YWNFzOhssIgmMk0Y3i0l2Y2-ywkWebC9cMpINliR0CRY543FAzKXcJCw0Z3c2tuCJu0k9XSM3eHeWoOwNqv1MMwqj_PiLg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="617" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Notice that the device ‘/dev/sdc’ is not visible in the SCSI subsystem and this could be un-attached from the specified server. This device could be un-presented from storage side and make it available for other usage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOTE: All such activities would need some downtime. Please execute this process under the vigilance of a senior or expert Linux administrator. Make sure to plan, document and record such session and should have a backup plan ready in case if something goes wrong.</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-74081484210245277032019-11-11T14:19:00.001+05:302021-06-06T19:22:39.817+05:30Learn Linux The SUSE Way<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-87347d3a-7fff-cf26-fcc0-4147f8a945fe"><a href="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/vLyRgo7tV_NGNJ2aUG1nWu5LVGUoaZagX7uHT28cfO31SZHSs21RVbzfiy7En32DQA67ufm5pQLRY1G4v648rmty0ssA3UQbJoR-dQ5rER8Ezo_kNR4zR67O8rF-JL4bNqdoVBav" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/vLyRgo7tV_NGNJ2aUG1nWu5LVGUoaZagX7uHT28cfO31SZHSs21RVbzfiy7En32DQA67ufm5pQLRY1G4v648rmty0ssA3UQbJoR-dQ5rER8Ezo_kNR4zR67O8rF-JL4bNqdoVBav" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="368" /></a><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, you heard it right. <b><span style="color: #38761d;">SUSE </span></b>has been doing a good thing in enabling enterprise sector to be technically capable enough to cater to the needs. That’s right. SUSE has been conducting free technical training plus certifications to partner companies. They also would ready to go to the respective locations of the partner to deliver training's*.</span></span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-87347d3a-7fff-cf26-fcc0-4147f8a945fe"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is significantly a different & great approach when compared with its competitors. Definitely, the company SUSE has been investing a lot on this approach. Anyone who is interested and wish to skill up would certainly could register for required course and start learning. There is also an option to learn online as well. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This time, I thought of writing something which is not a technical post, hence, wanted to share this good initiative from SUSE with the community. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>So, how do I start then? </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">All you need is to login to </span><a href="https://partner.suse.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><i>https://partner.suse.com</i></b></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> portal with your corporate email address and create an account as shown below (click on Register for Access link). Once this is done successfully, there would be a confirmation email sent from SUSE to your corporate email address which has to be acknowledged. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>What’s next? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Once an account has been successfully created, login to the </span><a href="https://partner.suse.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: orange;"><i>https://partner.suse.com</i></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> portal and go to the </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #38761d;">‘Enablement’</span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> section, click on </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #38761d;">‘Technical Training’</span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and select </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #38761d;">‘On Demand Training’</span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #38761d;"> </span>depending on which one you wish to pursue as shown below: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At the next page, select the required technical training track, not the pre-sales one. One could select anyone from the following list:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-49607a85-7fff-5280-a70c-953031590ed3"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 277px; overflow: hidden; width: 203px;"><img height="277" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/_8rSpD1Ey-_6VT1mCzuQADf_ZvmxM6lbkHvcfx4pR4MY6jQXEweox-FKVqW1qNGyklXQgkDqvvf_zEHM7MudYBTjB7x4DbTYRtYqTkP9ueUgACDQ249_8tK-d_YRhnl2l--9nnKd" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="203" /></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Later, there may be multiple training modules shown and depending on the one that you are interested. Click on </span><b style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #38761d;">'Launch Training</span></b><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #38761d;">'</span> as required (select and continue as per your choice; in this example, we’ve selected SUSE Linux Enterprise as shown).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After this, click on <b>‘Enroll’</b> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>—></b></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <b>‘View Course’</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Download Lecture Manual & Lab Guide</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is a nice Manual for each course that student would get registered and also corresponding ‘Lab Manual’ which could be downloaded and available at the end as shown below: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Is there a hands-on lab available? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, there is a practice lab which is included in each course module depending on whichever selected. This is really nice. This would certainly give a good exposure for a new learner or a beginner. Since these labs are accessed over the internet, a student who is accessing this would certainly need a good internet connectivity & speed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*please check out terms and conditions on SUSE portal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Happy Learning!</b></span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-44291072801620743002019-08-23T17:56:00.007+05:302021-04-16T11:50:21.565+05:30Main Differences Between RHEL & SLES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/454KUVAm8a-nZxplb9iF5pUGt5x1ZHMkLZU5NwY2pQIui0CMTtSVFcRFbe6SBvA_L4Hvf7T7UIZob9OgzD7aSLr_8J7LGc8yqy9UmKz0dvzeyMXBzgw0B3sgpaHEPIVaFJSpxez0" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/454KUVAm8a-nZxplb9iF5pUGt5x1ZHMkLZU5NwY2pQIui0CMTtSVFcRFbe6SBvA_L4Hvf7T7UIZob9OgzD7aSLr_8J7LGc8yqy9UmKz0dvzeyMXBzgw0B3sgpaHEPIVaFJSpxez0" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></a></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; table-layout: fixed; width: 0px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><colgroup><col width="160"></col><col width="330"></col><col width="338"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 50px;"><td style="background-color: #92d050; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)"}" style="background-color: #92d050; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><style type="text/css"><!--td {border: 1px solid #ccc;}br {mso-data-placement:same-cell;}--></style><span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":31483,"3":{"1":0},"4":{"1":2,"2":9621584},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":13421772}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":1,"10":1,"12":0,"14":{"1":2,"2":9961472},"15":"\"Times New Roman\", serif","16":14,"17":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)"}" style="font-size: 14pt;">Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES)"}" style="background-color: #92d050; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><style type="text/css"><!--td {border: 1px solid #ccc;}br {mso-data-placement:same-cell;}--></style><span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":31483,"3":{"1":0},"4":{"1":2,"2":9621584},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":13421772}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":1,"10":1,"12":0,"14":{"1":2,"2":9961472},"15":"\"Times New Roman\", serif","16":14,"17":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES)"}" style="font-size: 14pt;">SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES)</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 124px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Owned By"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Owned By</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat\n Red Hat, Inc is an American MNC with head office in Raleigh, North Carolina (USA). It was founed in March 26th 1993. Currently merged with IBM."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Red Hat</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /> Red Hat, Inc is an American MNC with head office in Raleigh, North Carolina (USA). It was founded in March 26th 1993. Now, it has been acquired by IBM.</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE\n It is a German based software MNC, founded in 1992 and headquarter located at Nuremberg, Germany."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">SUSE</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /> It is a German based software MNC, founded in 1992 and headquarter located at Nuremberg, Germany.</span><br />
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<tr style="height: 105px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Company Logo*"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Company Logo*</td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"> <img 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" /></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 89px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Founders of the company"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Founders of the company</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Bob Young & Marc Ewing"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Bob Young & Marc Ewing</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Roland Dyroff, Thomas Fehr, Hubert Mantel & Burchard Steinbild"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Roland Dyroff, Thomas Fehr, Hubert Mantel & Burchard Steinbild</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 203px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"How was the name decided?"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">How was the name decided?</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat got its name from founder Marc Ewing who wore a red Cornell University lacrosse hat, given to him by his grandfather, while attending Carnegie Mellon University."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Red Hat got its name from founder </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Marc Ewing</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> who wore a red Cornell University lacrosse hat, given to him by his grandfather, while attending Carnegie Mellon University.</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" S.u.S.E → SUSE\nTheir name at founding was \"S.u.S.E\" and it was chosen as a German acronym for \"Software und System-Entwicklung\", meaning \"Software and systems development\". \n\nLater the company was shortened to \"SuSE\" in October 1998, and in 2003 capitalized to \"SUSE\"."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"> S.u.S.E → SUSE</span><br />
<div style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Their name at founding was "S.u.S.E" and it was chosen as a German acronym for "Software und System-Entwicklung", meaning "Software and systems development". </span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Later the company name was shortened to "SuSE" in October 1998, and in 2003 capitalized to "SUSE".</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 211px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Upstream"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Upstream*</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" Fedora\n\n Fedora is built by the community (getfedora.org) for the benefit of the community and sponsored primarily by Red Hat."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"> Fedora & CentOS Stream</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Fedora is built by the community (getfedora.org) for the benefit of the community and sponsored primarily by Red Hat. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">CentOS Stream will live in-between Fedora and RHEL, providing a clearer vision of what the next version of RHEL would be. <a href="https://centos.org/distro-faq/">https://centos.org/distro-faq/</a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" OpenSUSE Leap\n\n This is being maintained by OpenSUSE project. The openSUSE Project is a community project to create, promote, improve and document the openSUSE Linux distribution. \n \nOpenSUSE Tumbleweed is the development version and Leap is the stable release. "}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"> OpenSUSE Leap</span><br />
<div style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">This is being maintained by OpenSUSE project. The openSUSE Project is a community project to create, promote, improve and document the openSUSE Linux distribution. </span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">OpenSUSE Tumbleweed is the development version and Leap is the stable release.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 364px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Product Support Lifecycle*"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Product Support Lifecycle*</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"10 years + ELS\nRHEL 5/6/7 does gets support for 10 years in Full Support, Maintenance Support 1 & Maintenance Support 2 Phases followed by an Extended Life Phase.\n \nFor RHEL 5/6 there is add-on subscription called Extended Life-cycle Support (ELS) which could be purchased to get support behind Maintenance Support 2 Phase.\n \nRed Hat has simplified the support policy with the release of RHEL8. It is supported under 3 phases here: Full Support (5 years), Maintenance Support (5 years) & Extended Life Phase (2 years)."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br />10 years + ELS</span><br />
<div style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">RHEL 5/6/7 does gets support for 10 years in Full Support, Maintenance Support 1 & Maintenance Support 2 Phases followed by an Extended Life Phase.</span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">For RHEL 5/6 there is add-on subscription called Extended Life-cycle Support (ELS) which could be purchased to get support behind Maintenance Support 2 Phase.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Red Hat has simplified the support policy with the release of RHEL8. It is supported under 3 phases here: Full Support (5 years), Maintenance Support (5 years) & Extended Life Phase (2 years).</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"10 years + 3 years (extended support)\n SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11/12/15 got 13-year life cycle support, with 10 years of General Support and 3 years of Extended Support. \n \n Long Term Service Pack Support (LTSS) can extend the support duration for service packs. This can purchased as an additional 12 to 36 months in twelve month increments. This means that total of 3 to 5 years of support would be provided on Service Pack.\n \n SUSE Linux Enterprise 10 or 9 might have 10 years life cycle support."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">10 years + 3 years (extended support)</span><br />
<div style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11/12/15 got 13-year life cycle support, with 10 years of General Support and 3 years of Extended Support. </span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Long Term Service Pack Support (LTSS) can extend the support duration for service packs. This can purchased as an additional 12 to 36 months in twelve month increments. This means that total of 3 to 5 years of support would be provided on Service Pack.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">SUSE Linux Enterprise 10 or 9 might have 10 years life cycle support. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">*Major releases are published every four years. Service packs are published every 12-14 months.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 372px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Customer Support & Subscription Types *(license)"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Customer Support & Subscription Types *(license)</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat offers supports to its customers in 3 types subscription basis:\n - Sefl Support Subscription\n - Standard Support Subscription\n - Premimum Support Subscription\n\nSelf Support is only for non-production and development systems which doesn't get technical support from Red Hat. It is available only for physical setup.\n \n Standard & Premimum does provide technical support via phone and web. Stanard provides support only during standard business hours, however, Premimum customers would get 24 x 7 support coverage with 1 hour response time for Sev 1 cases & 2 hours for Sev 2 cases."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><style type="text/css"><!--td {border: 1px solid #ccc;}br {mso-data-placement:same-cell;}--></style><span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,14348019],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,4408131],"15":"\"Times New Roman\", serif","16":13}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat offers supports to its customers in 3 types subscription basis:\n\n - Sefl Support Subscription\n - Standard Support Subscription\n - Premimum Support Subscription\n\nSelf Support is only for non-production and development systems which doesn't get technical support from Red Hat. It is available only for physical setup.\n \n Standard & Premimum does provide technical support via phone and web. Stanard provides support only during standard business hours, however, Premimum customers would get 24 x 7 support coverage with 1 hour response time for Sev 1 cases & 2 hours for Sev 2 cases."}"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><br />Red Hat offers supports to its customers in 3 types subscription basis:</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b> </b></span></span></span><br />
<span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,14348019],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,4408131],"15":"\"Times New Roman\", serif","16":13}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat offers supports to its customers in 3 types subscription basis:\n\n - Sefl Support Subscription\n - Standard Support Subscription\n - Premimum Support Subscription\n\nSelf Support is only for non-production and development systems which doesn't get technical support from Red Hat. It is available only for physical setup.\n \n Standard & Premimum does provide technical support via phone and web. Stanard provides support only during standard business hours, however, Premimum customers would get 24 x 7 support coverage with 1 hour response time for Sev 1 cases & 2 hours for Sev 2 cases."}"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>- Self Support Subscription</b></span></span><br /><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b> - Standard Support Subscription</b></span></span><br /><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b> - </b></span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"><b>Premium</b></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b> Support Subscription</b></span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Self Support is only for non-production and development systems which doesn't get technical support from Red Hat. It is available only for physical setup.</span></span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> Standard & </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">Premium</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> does provide technical support via phone and web. </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">Standard</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> provides support only during standard business hours, however, </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">Premium</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> customers would get 24 x 7 support coverage with 1 hour response time for Sev 1 cases & 2 hours for Sev 2 cases.</span></span></span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Offers Support Subscription in two modes:\n \n - Standard Subscription:\nIt provides 12 x 5 support coverage with 2 hours response time for Severity 1 cases & 4 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3/4 cases it would be 'Next Bus Day' response.- \n\n- Priority Subscription:\nIt provides 24 x 7 support coverage with 1 hour response time for Severity 1 & 2 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3 the response time would be 4 hours & 'Next Business Day' response time for Severity 4 cases."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><style type="text/css"><!--td {border: 1px solid #ccc;}br {mso-data-placement:same-cell;}--></style><span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,14348019],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,4408131],"15":"\"Times New Roman\", serif","16":13}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Offers Support Subscription in two modes:\n \n - Standard Subscription:\n\nIt provides 12 x 5 support coverage with 2 hours response time for Severity 1 cases & 4 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3/4 cases it would be 'Next Bus Day' response.- \n\n- Priority Subscription:\n\nIt provides 24 x 7 support coverage with 1 hour response time for Severity 1 & 2 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3 the response time would be 4 hours & 'Next Business Day' response time for Severity 4 cases."}" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">SUSE Offers Support Subscription in two modes:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />- Standard Subscription:</span></span><br />
<span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,14348019],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,4408131],"15":"\"Times New Roman\", serif","16":13}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Offers Support Subscription in two modes:\n \n - Standard Subscription:\n\nIt provides 12 x 5 support coverage with 2 hours response time for Severity 1 cases & 4 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3/4 cases it would be 'Next Bus Day' response.- \n\n- Priority Subscription:\n\nIt provides 24 x 7 support coverage with 1 hour response time for Severity 1 & 2 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3 the response time would be 4 hours & 'Next Business Day' response time for Severity 4 cases."}" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">It provides 12 x 5 support coverage with 2 hours response time for Severity 1 cases & 4 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3/4 cases it would be 'Next Bus Day' response.</span></span><br />
<span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,14348019],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,13421772]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,4408131],"15":"\"Times New Roman\", serif","16":13}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Offers Support Subscription in two modes:\n \n - Standard Subscription:\n\nIt provides 12 x 5 support coverage with 2 hours response time for Severity 1 cases & 4 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3/4 cases it would be 'Next Bus Day' response.- \n\n- Priority Subscription:\n\nIt provides 24 x 7 support coverage with 1 hour response time for Severity 1 & 2 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3 the response time would be 4 hours & 'Next Business Day' response time for Severity 4 cases."}" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /><b>- Priority Subscription:</b></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br />It provides 24 x 7 support coverage with 1 hour response time for Severity 1 & 2 hours for Severity 2 cases. For Severity 3 the response time would be 4 hours & 'Next Business Day' response time for Severity 4 cases.</span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 266px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Subscription Cost*"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Subscription Cost*</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server, Standard (Physical or Virtual Nodes) :\n - US$349 (Self-Support)\n - US$799 (Standard Support)\n - US$1,299 (Premimum Support)\n \n Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Virtual Datacenters (provides unlimited guest deployments) :\n - US$2,499 (Standard Support)\n - US$3,999 (Premimum Support)"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><br />
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server, Standard (Physical or Virtual Nodes) :<br />
- US$349 (Self-Support)<br />
- US$799 (Standard Support)<br />
- US$1,299 (Premium Support)<br />
<br />
Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Virtual Datacenters (provides unlimited guest deployments) :<br />
- US$2,499 (Standard Support)<br />
- US$3,999 (Premium Support)</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, x86 & x86-64, 1-2 Sockets or 1-2 Virtual Machines:\n - US$799 (Standard Subscription)\n - US$1,499 (Priority Subscription)\n \n SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, x86 & x86-64, 1-2 Sockets with Unlimited Virtual Machines:\n - US$1,499 (Standard Subscription)\n - US$2,998 (Priority Subscription)"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, x86 & x86-64, 1-2 Sockets or 1-2 Virtual Machines:<br />
- US$799 (Standard Subscription)<br />
- US$1,499 (Priority Subscription)<br />
<br />
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, x86 & x86-64, 1-2 Sockets with Unlimited Virtual Machines:<br />
- US$1,499 (Standard Subscription)<br />
- US$2,998 (Priority Subscription)</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 58px;"><td colspan="3" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Functional/Technical Differences"}" rowspan="1" style="background-color: #70ad47; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Main Functional/Technical Differences</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 118px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"First Enterprise Release, Date & Kernel Version"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">First Enterprise Release, Date & Kernel Version</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"RHEL 2.1 GA, 2002-03-23 & 2.4.9-e.3"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">RHEL 2.1 GA, 2002-03-23 & 2.4.9-e.3</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SuSE Linux Enterprise Server, October 31, 2000 for S/390"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">SuSE Linux Enterprise Server, October 31, 2000 for S/390</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 106px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Latest Enterprise Release, Date & Kernel Version*"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Latest Enterprise Release, Date & Kernel Version*</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"RHEL 8 GA, 2019-05-07 & 4.18.0-80"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">RHEL 8 GA, 2019-05-07 & <br />
4.18.0-80</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SLES15 SP1, Aug-07-2019 & 4.12.14-197.15.1"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">SLES15 SP1, Aug-07-2019 & <br />
4.12.14-197.15.1</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 142px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"How to check for release version?"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">How to check for release version?</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"There is a dedicated file which maintaince the release version details which is \"/etc/redhat-release\". Also, there is \"/etc/os-release\" file which is uniqly used in most distros which can provided release details."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br />There is a dedicated file which </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">maintenance</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> the release version details which is </span></span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">"/etc/redhat-release"</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">. Also, there is </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">"/etc/os-release"</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> file which is </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">uniquely</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> used in most distros which can provided release details.</span></span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"In SLES11, there is \"/etc/SuSE-release\" which provides the release details, however, in SLES12/15 this has been depcreated and there is only \"/etc/os-release\" which provides this details."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">In SLES11, there is </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">"/etc/SuSE-release" </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">which provides the release details, however, in SLES12/15 this has been </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">deprecated</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> and there is only "</span></span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">/etc/os-release" </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">which provides this details.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 228px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Default File System*"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Default File System*</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" - EXT3 in RHEL5\n - EXT4 in RHEL6\n - XFS in RHEL7/8\n\nXFS is a robust and mature 64-bit journaling file system that supports very large files and file systems on a single host. It is the default file system in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7/8. The Btrfs file system has been removed in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #161616; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /> - EXT3 in RHEL5<br /> - EXT4 in RHEL6<br /> - XFS in RHEL7/8</span><br />
<br />
<div style="color: #161616; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">XFS is a robust and mature 64-bit journaling file system that supports very large files and file systems on a single host. It is the default file system in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7/8.</span></div>
<span style="color: #161616; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #161616; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">The BTRFS file system has been removed in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #161616; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" - EXT3 in SLES11\n - BTRFS in SLES12/15\n \nWith SUSE Linux Enterprise 12, Btrfs is the default file system for the operating system and XFS is the default for all other use cases."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"> - EXT3 in SLES11<br /> - BTRFS in SLES12/15</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">With SUSE Linux Enterprise 12, BTRFS is the default file system for the operating system and XFS is the default for all other use cases.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 192px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Package/Software Management"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Package/Software Management</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"- Using 'yum', 'rpm' and DNF (in RHEL8 on-wards) commands & using PackageKit or by Satellite interface as well. The 'dnf' command is the advanced version of 'yum' command."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- Using </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">'yum', 'rpm' and DNF</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> (in RHEL8 on-wards) commands & using </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">PackageKit</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> or by </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Satellite</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> interface as well. The 'dnf' command is the advanced version of 'yum' command.</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"- Using 'zypper', 'rpm', 'yast' commands. Also, using Yast2 utility & SUSE Manager as well. \n \n Zypper is a command line package manager for installing, updating and removing packages. It\n also manages repositories.\n \nYast is another nice utility which could do everything inside a SUSE box."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- Using </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">'zypper', 'rpm', 'yast'</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> commands. Also, using Yast2 utility & SUSE Manager as well. <br /> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Zypper</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> is a command line package manager for installing, updating and removing packages. It also manages repositories. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Yast</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> is another nice utility which could do everything inside a SUSE box.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 233px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Behaviour Change of useradd Command"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Behaviour Change of useradd Command</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"By default, the 'CREATE_HOME' paramter is set to 'yes' in the file \"/etc/login.defs\" which creates users home directory when executed locally. \n \nExample: The command \"# useradd test\" when executed as root or root previliged user would create a local user by name test with home directory as '/home/test'."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">The </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">'CREATE_HOME'</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">parameter</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> by default is set to </span></span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">'yes' </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">in the file </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">"/etc/login.defs"</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> which creates users home directory when executed locally. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Example: The command "# useradd test" when executed as root or root </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">privileged</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> user would create a local user by name test with home directory as '/home/test'.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"The 'CREATE_HOME' is set to 'no' in the file \"/etc/login.defs\", hence, when using 'useradd' command need to use '-m' to create local user along with home directory.\n \n Example: The command \"# useradd -m test\" when executed as root or root previliged user would create a local user by name test with home directory as '/home/test'."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">The </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">'CREATE_HOME' </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">is set to</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"> 'no' </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">in the file</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"> "/etc/login.defs"</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">, hence, when using 'useradd' command need to use '-m' to create local user along with home directory.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Example: The command "# useradd -m test" when executed as root or root </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">privileged</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> user would create a local user by name test with home directory as '/home/test'.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 282px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Kernel Firewall Implementation"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Kernel Firewall Implementation</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" - RHEL8/7 uses firewalld\n\nThis daemon (service) comes from ‘firewalld’ package which is installed by default in ‘base’ installation mode, however, not in ‘minimal’ mode. By default, rules are active on default zone which is 'public zone'.\n\n - RHEL6 and earlier version uses iptables\n\nIn earlier RHEL6.x version there is ‘iptables’ being used which is a well-known netfilter program.\n"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b> - RHEL8/7 uses firewalld</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">This daemon (service) comes from ‘firewalld’ package which is installed by default in ‘base’ installation mode, however, not in ‘minimal’ mode. By default, rules are active on default zone which is 'public zone'.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b> - RHEL6 and earlier version uses iptables</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">In earlier RHEL6.x version there is ‘iptables’ being used which is a well-known netfilter program.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" - SLES15 uses firewalld\n\nIn default installation mode, firewalld is active, enabled and configured to be active in public zone which blocks all incomming traffice by default.\n\n - SLES12 uses SuSEFirewall2\n\nSuSEFirewall2 is active and the network interfaces are configured to be in the External Zone which blocks incoming traffic in default installation setup."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"> - SLES15 uses firewalld</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">In default installation mode, firewalld is active, enabled and configured to be active in public zone which blocks all </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px;">incoming</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px;">traffic</span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"> by default.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"> - SLES12 uses SuSEFirewall2</span><br />
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">SuSEFirewall2 is active and the network interfaces are configured to be in the External Zone which blocks incoming traffic in default installation setup.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 159px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Graphical User Interface"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Graphical User Interface</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"The default display server is Wayland used by Gnome Display Manager in RHEL 8.X.Org server is the default display server in RHEL 7 (GNOME3 & KDE 4.10). GNOME2 is used in RHEL6/5 versions."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">The default display server is </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Wayland</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> used by Gnome Display Manager in RHEL 8.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">X.Org</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> server is the default display server in RHEL 7 (GNOME3 & KDE 4.10). GNOME2 is used in RHEL6/5 versions.</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE Linux Enterprise Server includes the X.org server and the GNOME desktop. The X.org server is the de facto standard for implementing the X11 protocol."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">SUSE Linux Enterprise Server includes the X.org server and the </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">GNOME</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> desktop. The </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">X.org</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> server is the de facto standard for implementing the X11 protocol.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 497px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Upgrade Paths*"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Upgrade Paths*</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"- From RHEL6 to RHEL7\n\nYes, Red Hat officially supports upgrade from latest minor release of RHEL6 to RHEL7. For further details visit the below web link:\nhttps://access.redhat.com/solutions/637583\n\n- From RHEL7 to RHEL8\n\nUpgrade from RHEL7 to RHEL8 is also supported. Only on Server variant & Intel 64 architecture. There are other limitations and pre-requisites to be met, so for further details visit the below web link:\nhttps://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/upgrading_to_rhel_8/requirements-and-known-limitationsupgrading-to-rhel-8\n\n- Upgrade from RHEL5.x is not officially supported."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;"><b>- From RHEL6 to RHEL7</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Yes, Red Hat officially supports upgrade from latest minor release of RHEL6 to RHEL7. For further details visit the below web link:</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://access.redhat.com/solutions/637583" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/637583</span></a></span><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /><br />- From RHEL7 to RHEL8</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Upgrade from RHEL7 to RHEL8 is also supported. Only on Server variant & Intel 64 architecture. There are other limitations and pre-requisites to be met, so for further details visit the below web link:</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/upgrading_to_rhel_8/requirements-and-known-limitationsupgrading-to-rhel-8" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: purple;">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/upgrading_to_rhel_8/requirements-and-known-limitationsupgrading-to-rhel-8</span></a></span><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br />- Upgrade from RHEL5.x is not officially supported.</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"- Upgrade from SLES11 to SLES12\n\nOnly offline upgrade from SLES11SP4 to SLES12SP4. For further details, please visit:https://www.suse.com/documentation/sles-12/book_sle_deployment/data/sec_update_sle_paths.html\n\n- Upgrade from SLES12 to SLES15\n\nUpgrading from SLES12SP3 or SLES12SP4 is only supported via an offline upgrade. SLES12SP3 can be upgraded to SLES15 & SLES12SP4 can be upgraded to SLES15SP1.\n\n- Upgrade from SLES10 and older versions is not officially supported. \n \n- Also, there is a direct upgrade path from SLES11SP4 to SLES15. For further details, please refer:\nhttps://www.suse.com/documentation/sles-15/book_sle_upgrade/data/sec_upgrade-paths_supported.html"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">- Upgrade from SLES11 to SLES12</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: #434343;"><br /><br />Only offline upgrade from SLES11SP4 to SLES12SP4. For further details, please visit:</span><br /><a href="https://www.suse.com/documentation/sles-12/book_sle_deployment/data/sec_update_sle_paths.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: purple;">https://www.suse.com/documentation/sles-12/book_sle_deployment/data/sec_update_sle_paths.html</span></a></span><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />- Upgrade from SLES12 to SLES15</span><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;"><br /><br />Upgrading from SLES12SP3 or SLES12SP4 is only supported via an offline upgrade. SLES12SP3 can be upgraded to SLES15 & SLES12SP4 can be upgraded to SLES15SP1.</span><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />- Upgrade from SLES10 and older versions is not officially supported. </span><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span><span style="color: #434343; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br />- Also, there is a direct upgrade path from SLES11SP4 to SLES15. <br /><br />For further details, please refer:</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://www.suse.com/documentation/sles-15/book_sle_upgrade/data/sec_upgrade-paths_supported.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: purple;">https://www.suse.com/documentation/sles-15/book_sle_upgrade/data/sec_upgrade-paths_supported.html</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 354px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"System Management (Life Cycle, \n Patch & Asset Management….)"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">System Management (Life Cycle, <br />
Patch & Asset Management….)</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" Red Hat Satellite\n Red Hat Satellite is a system management solution that enables you to deploy, configure, and maintain systems across physical, virtual, and cloud environments. Satellite provides provisioning, remote management and monitoring of multiple Red Hat Enterprise Linux deployments with a single, centralized tool. \n \n Red Hat Satellite Server synchronizes the content from Red Hat Customer Portal, and provides functionality including fine-grained life cycle management, user and group role-based access control, integrated subscription management, as well as advanced GUI, CLI, and API access."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"> Red Hat Satellite</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Red Hat Satellite is a system management solution that enables you to deploy, configure, and maintain systems across physical, virtual, and cloud environments. Satellite provides provisioning, remote management and monitoring of multiple Red Hat Enterprise Linux deployments with a single, centralized tool. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Red Hat Satellite Server synchronizes the content from Red Hat Customer Portal, and provides functionality including fine-grained life cycle management, user and group role-based access control, integrated subscription management, as well as advanced GUI, CLI, and API access.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" SUSE Manager\nSUSE Manager is an infrastructure management solution for software-defined IT environment. It is designed to help enterprise DevOps and IT Operations teams to reduce complexity and regain control of IT and IoT assets, increase efficiency while meeting security policies and optimize operations with automation to reduce costs.\n \nSUSE Manager provides complete control and visibility into IT resources and lifecycles, from asset management to redeployment."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b> SUSE Manager</b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">SUSE Manager is an infrastructure management solution for software-defined IT environment. It is designed to help enterprise DevOps and IT Operations teams to reduce complexity and regain control of IT and IoT assets, increase efficiency while meeting security policies and optimize operations with automation to reduce costs.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">SUSE Manager provides complete control and visibility into IT resources and life cycles, from asset management to redeployment. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 330px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Updates, Severity Level & Types"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Updates, Severity Level & Types</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"In Red Hat, updates are released in 3 levels:\n \nRed Hat Security Advisory (RHSA):All critical and must be installed vulnerability updates.\n\nRed Hat Bugfix Adivisory (RHBA): RHBA advisories always contain one or more bug fixes, may contain enhancements, but do not contain security fixes. \n\nRed Hat Enhancement Advisory (RHEA): RHEA advisories contain one or more enhancements or new features, and they do not contain bug fixes or security fixes."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">In Red Hat, updates are released in 3 levels:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Red Hat Security Advisory (RHSA)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">: All critical and must be installed vulnerability updates.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Red Hat Bugfix Adivisory (RHBA)</b></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><b>:</b> RHBA advisories always contain one or more bug fixes, may contain enhancements, but do not contain security fixes. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Red Hat Enhancement Advisory (RHEA)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><b>: </b>RHEA advisories contain one or more enhancements or new features, and they do not contain bug fixes or security fixes.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"SUSE provides updates with different relevance levels:\n \nSecurity Updates:Fix severe security hazards and should always be installed.\n\nRecommended Updates:Fix issues that could compromise your computer.\n\nOptional Updates:Fix non-security relevant issues or provide enhancements."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">SUSE provides updates with different relevance levels:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Security Updates: </b></span><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;">Fix severe security hazards and should always be installed.</span><br />
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>Recommended Updates</b></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>: </b>Fix issues that could compromise your computer.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>Optional Updates</b></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>: </b>Fix non-security relevant issues or provide enhancements.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 388px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Live Kernel Patching"}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Live Kernel Patching</td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":" - Using kpatch\n\n*Starting with RHEL 7.7 (GA Aug 6 2019), and coming soon to RHEL 8 and RHEL 7.6, live kernel patches will be available on the Red Hat Content Delivery Network(CDN) and can be installed via the yum command. Live kernel patching capability is implemented as a kernel module (kmod) that is delivered as an RPM.\n \n *This is not supported on RHEL6/5 versions."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Using kpatch</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">*Starting with RHEL 7.7 (GA Aug 6 2019), and coming soon to RHEL 8 and RHEL 7.6, live kernel patches will be available on the Red Hat Content Delivery Network(CDN) and can be installed via the yum command. Live kernel patching capability is implemented as a kernel module (kmod) that is delivered as an RPM.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> <br /> *This is not supported on RHEL6/5 versions.</span></td><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"- Using Kernel Live Patching (KLP) in SLES15\n\nKLP is a live patching technology for runtime patching of the Linux kernel, without stopping the kernel. This maximizes system uptime, and thus system availability, which is important for mission-critical systems. By enabling dynamic patching of the kernel, the technology also encourages users to install critical security updates without deferring them to a scheduled downtime.\n\n- Using Kgraft in SLES12\n\nkGraft is a live patching technology for runtime patching of the Linux kernel, without stopping the kernel. *This is not supported in SLES11."}" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Using Kernel Live Patching (KLP) in SLES15</span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify;">KLP is a live patching technology for runtime patching of the Linux kernel, without stopping the kernel. This maximizes system uptime, and thus system availability, which is important for mission-critical systems. By enabling dynamic patching of the kernel, the technology also encourages users to install critical security updates without deferring them to a scheduled downtime.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Using Kgraft in SLES12</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">kGraft</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> is a live patching technology for runtime patching of the Linux kernel, without stopping the kernel. *This is not supported in SLES11.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 13px;"><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; font-weight: 700;"><br />Control No. of Kernels Available Automatically</span></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Using installonly_limit parameter</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">In RHEL, it is defined using the "installonly_limit" parameter set in <b>'/etc/yum.conf'</b> or <b>'/etc/dnf/dnf.conf'</b> (in RHEL8) file as shown below:</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">installonly_limit=2</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">The above line makes sure that the system always keeps latest (running) kernel along with its immediate predecessors. Hence, any older kernels would be removed automatically. </span></span></div></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Using multiversion.kernels parameter</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">In SLES, the number of kernels to keep in the system is automatically decided by the parameter <b>“multiversion.kernels"</b> which is set in the file <b>'/etc/zypp/zypp.conf'</b> as shown below:</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">multiversion.kernels = latest,latest-1,running</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #434343; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">When system is rebooted after the installation of a new kernel, the system will keep 2 kernels: the current kernel (configured as latest,running) and its next immediate predecessors (configured as latest-1).</span></span></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 14px;"><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; font-weight: 700;"><br />Generating System Config/Report<br /> </span></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Using SOSREPORT</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">Complete system configuration and log details could be collected in one archived & compressed file which could be used later as a reference or base line for configuration file comparison or could be sent to support team for analysis. The package to which this command belongs to is "sos".</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Using Supportconfig</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">Same amount of data that gets generated when using SOSREPORT would be done by this command in SUSE systems. This command belongs to the "supportutils" package. </span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 13px;"><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; font-weight: 700;">Automated System Installation</span></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Using kickstart</span><br /><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">All required parameters for installation could be provided using an answer file (which is called kickstart file) that is used to deploy systems automatically without manual intervention. </span></div><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"><br /></span></div></td><td style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><div style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;">Using AutoYaST</span><br /><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">AutoYaST is a system for unattended mass deployment of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server systems.<span> </span></span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;"><td colspan="3" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"These comparisions are based on Server Enterprise versions of Red Hat & SUSE. \n*as of now data, at the time of writing this blog page. This could change down the line."}" rowspan="1" style="background-color: #daeef3; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #434343; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">These comparisons are based on Server Enterprise versions of Red Hat & SUSE. <br />
*as of now data, at the time of writing this blog page. This could change down the line.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com32tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-53351648840954987682019-06-11T16:32:00.002+05:302021-06-06T19:28:19.787+05:30Steps to fix or resolve Error 15 or Error 17 or No files under /boot.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">W</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">e get to see “Error </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” or “Error </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” when the ‘/boot’ file system is corrupted, so system fails to boot up. This is mainly because of primary boot loader files missing or not found. It could also be possible that the ‘/boot’ file system has been overwritten or formatted by mistake.</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In some cases, when there is a problem with files such as ‘vmlinuz-*’ then system would show up an error message “Error </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: File not found”. In such a case, system would go past the Stage 1 and Stage </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.5</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> boot process and even shows the time counter screen, however, fails to load kernel because of missing or corrupted kernel files (vmlinuz-* or related files). This may also lead to “Kernel Panic” error as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[ If there is any problem with ‘grub.conf’ file then system would drop into ‘grub’ prompt. If this is the <b>ONLY </b>problem then system could be restored by sourcing kernel image, initramfs image files. This is not complicated, hence, I’d not be taking this into consideration here ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let us see how to fix this issue and bring back the system into live. In this case, it is required to boot the system into rescue mode and recover failed file system. <i><b>The steps/procedure document here are pertaining to RHEL 6/5. However, wherever possible I've documented the changes required on RHEL 7 and above systems.</b></i> </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-7055b524-7fff-f1ec-6167-159ad4eefb13"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;">Here is the step-by-step procedure to fix this issue</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;">.</span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Step 1: Boot Into Rescue Environment</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Boot into rescue mode to check for boot files and file system. So, mount an ISO image or boot disc or CD/DVD (whatever possible options) and make it as primary boot device. Reboot the system and one should get the below screen, (I’ve used RHEL</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6.9</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ISO image file):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Select </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Rescue Installed System’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> → set language as </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘English’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> → let the </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">keyboard type be default to set to ‘us’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and then click/select </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Ok’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> → select </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘No’ to ‘Setup Networking’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> → select </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Continue’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> → click </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Ok’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> when rescue image was able to detect root file system and mount under </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘/mnt/sysimage’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Click on </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Ok’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> button and then select </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Shell Start Shell’</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> option to get into <b><span style="color: #660000;">Rescue Shell Mode</span></b>. At the shell prompt run the command </span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> chroot /mnt/sysimage </span></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to get into actual root filesystem.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, our system was successfully able to mount root file system under /mnt/sysimage as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="236" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Dvc3g2O0MvQGLQa9qn1p_2dHEPMTmDDZQuUNspak9qLkbpYjWuALVdVho10431n-_c56-Yyl9HKEp7p7rT77X1zJ3A9a7yekwNJ1ldNnSdaRXYHLDP3LJQ10wrinAjP1talzOPJ3" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Step 2: Detect / (root) & /boot File System and Backend Block Devices</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As we could notice here, the root file system is on a lvm <span style="color: #660000;"><b><span>'lv_root'</span></b> </span>which is on the volume group <span style="color: #660000;"><b><span>‘VolGroup’</span></b>. </span>So, let us run the ‘vgs’ and ‘lvs’ commands which would fetch out those details.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="280" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/H_SQX7u-lPzdetZXQa-OshUql9__kaK9ADAHw3tuWEniMemFiHlyWcYhYRh74TaT11uHHDXtlE4k3L-FgVdsGLE9Jh3Vkm4hwClhuldTNuQ2PzJQbMPEhTp5_eLAy9vdoN4Gyk7a" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As per the above output, there is one volume group named ‘VolGroup’ which consists of two logical volumes (lv) named as<b><span style="color: #660000;"> </span><span style="color: red;">‘lv_root’ & ‘lv_swap’</span><span style="color: #660000;">.</span></b> There are two disk partitions noticed and they are : ‘/dev/sda1’ & ‘/dev/sda2’. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The <b><span style="color: red;">‘/dev/sda2’ is the block device</span></b> being used for the volume group ‘VolGroup’ which is where the root file ( / ) system & swap resides. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At this stage, we’d need to find out <b>which is the boot device?</b> Let us see if there is ‘/etc/fstab’ file available which could tell us about the block devices being used for mounting and various mount points as well:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As per the above output, it says that one marked in ‘yellow’ color with a UUID is the block device being used for ‘/boot’. Let us try to find out which is that block device using <b><span style="color: lime;">‘findfs’</span></b> command. We need to pass the UUID to ‘findfs’ command in order to find the block device as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="69" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/7BOBFDwt-ShhbAi8A1bB_PQu_x-qwMfFnUjlcxOpu1fkTwWjsoeYl-1GTZT3iZvi3Lum7ngv7HUJZFdTeynqFjk9F96GeSS8pRv0aqcv-2IhY54GSV0KucY5TZCOzoOU2OJal8J2" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The system was unable to find out the block device with that UUID. This could be because the UUID of the boot device might have changed or file system itself corrupted. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We could easily make it out that the <span style="color: red;"><b><span>block device ‘/dev/sda1</span></b>’</span> would be the boot device here (in most cases excluding boot from SAN cases) . The other one which is ‘/dev/sda2’ is the block device being used for the vg ‘VolGroup’. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Try To Fix /dev/sda1 Device</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s check and see if we can mount ‘/dev/sda1’. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">First, I ran <b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # mount -a </span></b> (mount all devices as listed in /etc/fstab file) which failed with an error saying special device with UUID does not exists. Then, I tried to mount manually using the command ‘mount /dev/sda1 /boot’, which again failed as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="153" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/B2Sr4wLq2xWw0AX3zZlhP8vm_o88VOPUCHr0DTtBtWEcAFsZXIgsb7bNRSNgwutbcNfuZ9sLOFdDcnMZsG5GfEa06sVkRzVDOFaCzU2YpQ3DyCf2ITBT2LEreeLs_lTnNo777FIW" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These error messages strongly indicates that the file system is corrupted or damaged. As a last resort, one could run file system check using the command <b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">" # e2fsck -f -y /dev/sda1 "</span></b> on the corresponding device and see if that helps as shown here <b><i>( need to use xfs_repair command in case of RHEL 7 and above where the file system is XFS)</i></b> :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="182" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/WluBhQ-_84INdIbBHvX2sysZvnw9KrGZgb2tgbbwyNe4fk2Ys8NoPS3hgBJYg9faW5DEIlXTV6Oe4S7j6FlPgo5yKECa8KLzYIpnfo_sXqZLRn8FX2szwOyqlUNzaYRgoztVmWqB" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The above error message says that there is a problem with ‘super-block’ of the device. Hence, it is prompting to check with backup superblocks. So, let us check if we can find out backup superblocks of this device. Here, we could use <span style="color: red;"><b><span>‘mke2fs’</span></b> </span>command as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="269" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/JagvIbt4R3fjW6VoyktXkTCVM4THZ7UrbRPF8Rt2cfLEMkNM40mHsCgSwqU0Nk8d4_opWZEhMB0mzVf9XEbHIPPTLmraZBRog5D5LpaIfBQJV3Cm2gWSlpquqL6m48dXt2i58hac" style="border: none;" width="594" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, let us run the <b><span style="color: red;">‘e2fsck’</span></b> command using backup superblock and see if that helps. The command to be executed here is: <b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">" # e2fsck -b 8193 /dev/sda1 "</span></b> as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="142" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/azQ3QQLHaGHxgD5LvS1Wf6HCN3yvQbdoSSN9sy3q2icQPfjII_Xi2n739QbXsgDiVeE4VJ9W9sCkIbLG0u_FqpvPYoJ7X6kUTpjdGlY2JDR2BZarjnGERitua4m9qtxjGDvUtRYQ" style="border: none;" width="600" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When used with the first backup superblock it failed as shown above. Hence, I tried the command using the last backup superblock which is </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">401409</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and this is what happened ( to avoid multiple prompts asking for confirmation, run the command with -f -y parameters which would force and automatically chooses yes to all confirmation prompts):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="221" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/X4SDAPmsZ6K1KE24eZQXzdI0FWCXdTi_vChOxxNUCnqQs6SmnlbXW_sihCwmu0gIcVzkbK1bMVp6KDCJY5teatZNs2CjWlcXN59pDsO6laZxR5xwsA-tTatKUhVGncQ-4xLBGWJD" style="border: none;" width="613" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As per the above message, it looks that the journal is corrupted and hence, we could see many error messages. The file system is checked for all such errors in superblock and it would try to rectify those. Once it has fixed all those errors, we could get the screen where it says file “system was modified” as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="323" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/D3Q879XxkSQJsiKSmIR8oCtqA3AxnmNDdv1U7guBOhAhQB5cHRmWeKKYN5ctbRebg2k45uMiKoWNWTK0bV3DXk5mm6vSb8hz-TTn_aF4gtze9nZfDi8LsZdyk5q8gz1KvJXdglrd" style="border: none;" width="601" /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 4</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Check & Mount /dev/sda1 (/boot)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, let’s check if we could mount ‘/dev/sda1’ and find out if boot files are there. When I mount ‘/dev/sda1’ on ‘/boot’, I could not see any files over there except ‘lost+found’ directory. In this directory, we could get to see the orphan files.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="117" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/iBmjBR_TxGUpnCCdZ3ckyPVQouT9yPcERnNaIdqsHvpXm5ahsw91nsY6JGta2-btsqTZRllejaEoHN2b121jMSpJkIXrO655mgnVPCpntCyU4rU-CalWk10xy_sR5-2ivDpMs4Na" style="border: none;" width="536" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is a folder with some number over there. So, let’s find out what is there inside that folder now.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="142" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/xWXEjBAMDT-HRj8dKCLfxX5ZNH2nJimDIkKDq9UaF7gZklh4KSBfQSgqYZbdRVfNCvZ7HqEc8TqOIVklO_-kmaVhyfwyRmys1tpeSK3-aZXcZpN_NJAKYPMjAHYt0UcX6tt0TtMj" style="border: none;" width="536" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These files are the boot files, which should reside under ‘/boot/grub’ folder. Let’s check it and move them to ‘/boot/grub’ folder now:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="110" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/n3_3Q9HEaBNTIpVVJ7bPVliEKFhLyI-YJrLB0wCQxrMzzSekhvW5ceKo9oF90xLtxgNeVfxmMH1gA0kQu9s8VfuEjMYbG09UZyB5S-0u4LlDyjqkvdmkSqp_I_2-KRIrcC6G3i9e" style="border: none;" width="538" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’ve moved all those files into ‘/boot/grub’ folder by creating this folder and removed ‘lost+found’ folder. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="177" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/rBWeVeTsWREHRGA8TatoZhRqND_fltVYhaXU2wmsoMSlXXpFUALVoZQDcHtLainnSU6yS1jm92w7xs2o6D2NOZonPU303_4Omlay0lbM1w-HYaAZQmMpVhQ7W4scArJGrmF5pX62" style="border: none;" width="513" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">[ In case where there are no files found then one could run the command <b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">' # grub-install /dev/sda '</span></b> which would create those files under /boot/grub folder ]</span><br /><br /><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Step 5: Lets Restore Missing Files In /boot</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ideally, under ‘/boot’ we should get to see <b><span style="color: red;">‘initramfs-*’, ‘vmlinuz-*’</span></b>, and many other files which are installed by the kernel package. At this stage, we would need to install the kernel package since these files are missing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’ve mounted ‘cdrom’ on ‘/media’ mount point here. If this ISO image file or disc not mounted then mount it using the command ‘mount /dev/cdrom /media’ (your CDROM device may be different). Once, the ISO image or CD/DVD image is available, need to run ‘rpm’ command to install the required kernel package (please check and install correct kernel package) as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="57" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/wkDCkQ0BCumyo5qXzDhQslrfXK0zWjulx--UTFa_EMn2Ql0gWnK92MFYvD-c4PGiunSYMTsQBWboxQKm0H2TyHQQuWea8GVIrOhMXXrQYXAYsM0Sw8u4xtKD2_M4zeJIq-2MWW3Z" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It looks that it has installed the kernel package. So, let's check out if the required files are present under ‘/boot’. Yes, I could see the files ‘initramfs-*’, ‘vmlinuz-*’ etc., which are back now and that looks good.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="125" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_-yN0yuMS8cMRnU4XmhJqEX4wsoHIgxBK0-2A0Ic9-VcKuBnvblhDypGUx1ysRZD42N6LgmG9u_rSnj9Ev8bX6npMhRlWT2_BGfKIutF5kCFo8mLJ9TENUC6cohJVaPQywMTdyxS" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s re-create the initrd/initramfs image file so that the necessary drivers to boot the system are available using the command <span style="color: red;"><b><span>'dracut'</span></b> </span>as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"># dracut -f -v /boot/initramfs-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64.img $(uname –r) </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Once the command completes, we could get to see a message similar to the one below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="164" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/qUHaEtiZwSCybbc7JNNXfKNEt5XHTgfFuhcbabBEh2s9i4-taX6f8Pcuncyq0YpNJq2-meUupW8J9qh5Ab6N4JhEI15FyP3Q6rJY0puHDAKPzj2ws0pCPaEeBhBhE-d80lCFkRSt" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As we could see that the file size of <b><span style="color: red;">‘/boot/initramfs-</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: red;">2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: red;">.img’</span></b> has changed and it is a bit bigger now compared with the earlier one when kernel package got installed forcefully. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At this stage, we need to <b><span style="color: red;">create ‘/boot/grub/grub.conf’</span><span style="color: lime;"> </span></b>(/boot/grub2/grub.cfg in case of RHEL 7 and above) file since it is not there. One could get the reference from ‘grub.conf’ file which is available in the ISO image file.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="247" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/sm8-dQyj0mcuWt1FBz3akAKFP3_hIUP9ytDYrm2mbEf_5XMUQgO20plHkrEK8vazkh4zwCS6gkcJ5TzUelsnWClcaHa1aQDkj3BWGuLegc8moVsjcSdswE_UJBQb64MDzpgu3Ad6" style="border: none;" width="507" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, let’s copy this file from ‘/media/isolinux/’ (the ISO image is mounted on /media) to ‘/boot/grub’ folder and then make the required changes. One could refer to the ‘/boot/grub/grub.conf’ file on a working system to understand how it should be. This file was on read-only mode when I copied, hence, I had changed its attributes:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="103" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/froToTe-vZwOaMVd5pnoVwGo7k_f-FhaExjpJSC_rRKvrKDFyGf_p0_nb1T1RnYNfB0BZpiIr5V1oSn5y0kEMpAQyZDSOPLQnY2egS4YNibnMBo2JMzGUq86RW9Ma_9uGfMhSbGt" style="border: none;" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’ve created a simple ‘grub.conf’ file as shown below (later we could add more parameters as required, I mean once the system boots up successfully):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="156" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/7B9pNFCOWKxT8OE4DncEMBUlLHUvXB1gekQ5JAImajGZOUmJHBeOv9Vvpy3FKRTHf-DJc5Bnczd43gj23XYiXPzyv72oLEMmA_M03Xy0lhhDrk3LbzR_9FeMPNdi850KGlvO2g51" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Step 6: Fix /etc/fstab File Entry & Reboot</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We’ve made all most all changes required to boot the system up. However, may need to modify ‘/etc/fstab’ to add the new UUID of the device ‘/dev/sda1’. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">First, let's check if the UUID of the device '/dev/sda1' got changed or not. Since it has got changed, need to add the new UUID to the file '/etc/fstab', otherwise, not. So, let's comment out the earlier ‘/boot’ device entry and <b><span style="color: red;">add the new UUID of ‘/dev/sda1’</span></b> one as shown below (to find out the UUID run the command ‘blkid /dev/sda1’ ):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="115" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/upqeg5l5RpOfctoCgXbQlhp1WlbcOPikHIsDwA_GEgM6ps_Kz51ymtP-xGapAJ9LCyviyVVF9mioIRhJxpg06U3vkuxuWXrT1TF2x7X6k5rdeCjsbvNHowfCnCVTRO1Nm4rTa5Cp" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, let’s exit the shell and see if the system boots fine. Need to type ‘exit’ and hit the Enter key twice to come out of the rescue shell prompt and then select ‘reboot’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #38761d;">* * * *……. Yes, system is booting up now</span>! </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="206" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/0Q5RDGxTB7Kg7CvwuOoScDZfZXUrS7EQkZp37EWrXJDOT_ybPJZsg44H5vwa7tvi3qAtv300ZIOsnaz6xS1NmCTBbqb2LcaVBOp7BDRn_g1W2tFKOEK8lUSvOHuoXN8eqK7Poxx5" style="border: none;" width="608" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are some errors noticed which are okay at this stage to ignore. The first error was about CDROM device not found which could be ignored at this stage and we could fix this later. There is a warning message about SELinux re-labeling, which is usual since the /boot file system is modified and it is expected.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="309" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/0d9SQORG3EPVislWX7l3wESTOoXOKrawWKdi-zXlsWplBCXawlZzQsgiTYoKSnrDbRJAPbvNbLbE_xeYbVMI3DsBW40VdirPC3tvOEqgRzm8Ua1l5ygIeZl6yfAtBwBt-49i7_YS" style="border: none;" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Once SELinux re-labeling gets finished, system would reboot and starts loading and get the login screen:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="299" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/5ZaDA559UJCDpDj97qcZmNMuMeNGYNO8kbziGTsz9-SNJ0ltlGOvxfX7ZCdd0OQBVpaEodCYvdXgTbz60rs84gRX25SsTGxWHI8QXNboNPraLNCEAUCL97NMhnsZZWnfqCDTsSXL" style="border: none;" width="578" /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Success!!! </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The system is up now.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="245" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/zHfnWcqxeBNQslYvPPtlUryoqmPYTmEYN5Fi3dFROhpgnCDaA2CJ841yti9-PeGSokg28ht42ywE4lNuirviBG8OGADganp1UVqT9J-MOR7twiCV55EBAE-B41ryQP9otJlY8wha" style="border: none;" width="550" /></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-14170986648586804012019-05-17T01:27:00.011+05:302021-06-22T17:21:34.591+05:30Common Debugging Methods In Linux<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 15pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The top 6 common debugging methods in Linux.</span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-57a13598-7fff-7b95-933d-06e5ec5b85ce"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 15pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 15pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700;">( 1 ) Increase logging verbosity</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">A</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">s usual, in Linux systems we could look out for errors/warnings/info related messages in "/var/log/messages" file. By default only ‘info’ ( information) and above messages gets logged in to this file, so to increase this logging verbosity one could edit the configuration line of "/var/log/messages" in <b><span style="color: #0c343d;">"/etc/rsyslog.conf"</span></b> file.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Change this line from :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none /var/log/messages </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> *.debug;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none /var/log/messages </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">After making this change, save and exit the file. Restart the “rsyslogd” service ( 'systemctl restart rsyslog.service' or 'service rsyslog restart' in case of RHEL6.x and older) to make the changes come into effect. NOTE: Keep in mind that this would generate a lot of logs and "/var" may get filled up fast, so after the diagnosis make sure to revert the changes.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">One could also view the log messages as it gets captured using the "tail -f /var/log/message" command. Increasing logging verbosity of application based logs also possible, but depends on whether such option is supported by the corresponding application. Also, applications logs may get stored separately (but usually under /var folder but with different name) in most cases and those are set/defined as per application configurations.</span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>( 2 ) Use 'verbose' or 'debug' option if available while running any commands.</span> </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Many of the commands do support the usage of <b><span style="color: #073763;">'verbose' parameter (-v or --verbose)</span></b> which would facilitate in getting debug text output while running commands. This is helpful especially when a command is not generating expected output or when a command fails or generates error. In order to understand if a command supports verbose option one has to refer the man page (help page).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">As it is known to most Linux administrator, the verbose option is used widely when processing commands such as 'ssh'. Whenever there is a connectivity issues, we could run 'ssh' in verbose mode as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> # ssh -v UserName@HostName </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">These verbose parameter could be added multiple times to increase logging verbosity which would aid in troubleshooting. Like-wise, many commands do support the usage of verbose parameter.</span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>( 3 ) Check if port is blocked in iptables or firewalld.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">If there is any problem in accessing an application or web URL or if you sense there is a problem in accessing port, please check if that port is allowed via iptables/firewalld (operating system firewall). Many a times we come across this situation wherein application port is up (normally detected using 'netstat -tunlp' or 'ss -tunlp' commands) on server, however, client systems are unable to connect.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">In such situations one could bring down the iptables or firewalld temporarily and test connections, if it works then it is certain that it is because of firewall blocking, hence, could add required ports to be allowed either in iptables or firewalld. NOTE: Take necessary precautions before bringing down a system firewall as it may </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">violate</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> enterprise/corporate security policy. In such case one has to depend on using 'telnet' or 'netcat' (nc) to check if port is blocked/allowed. For more details on using '</span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">telnet' or 'nc' command, refer this blog page under the section <i><b>'</b></i></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><b>What are the alternative steps that could be used to test a remote server alive status when ping check fails (if blocked by iptables)?':</b></i></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i><a href="https://www.simplylinuxfaq.com/p/linux-system-admin-interview-questions.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.simplylinuxfaq.com/p/linux-system-admin-interview-questions.html</a></i></b></span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #073763;">In RHEL6.x and below, one could perform the below steps to check if port is being blocked by iptables:</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ First, save/backup current/active iptables rules.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># iptables-save > /tmp/iptables-rules.out </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Flush current iptables rules.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># iptables -F </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Stop iptables service and confirm no rules are active now</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"># service iptables stop</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># iptables -L </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Now, check if client could connect to the application or respective port successfully. If so, then need to allow respective port via iptables. To do this, first we'd need to start iptables service. So, let's enable/start iptables and restore the rules now.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Start the iptables service and check on applicable firewall rules.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # service iptables start </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # iptables -L </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ If there is any discrepancy in rules then one could restore rules from backup file, save rules and restart the service as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # iptables-restore < /tmp/iptables-rules.out </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # service iptables save </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # service iptables restart </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> # iptables -nvL --line-numbers </span></span> <i> </i></span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i># to view list of current active rules along with line numbers</i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Add/allow respective port via iptables (Example: allow port 2049/TCP via iptables):</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># iptables -I INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 2049 -j ACCEPT </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Save and restart iptables to make this permanent:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> # service iptables save </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> # service iptables restart/reload </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b>In RHEL7.x and above:</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Stop firewalld service</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># systemctl stop firewalld.service </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Check for any active rules which should not show any active/current firewalld rules.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># firewall-cmd --list-all </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> OR </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # iptables -L </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Test application connectivity from client end and if that works then it is confirmed that it is because of port blocking. Start the firewalld service and add required rules.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># systemctl start firewalld.service </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Please visit this blog thread to find out how add/modify/remove rules in firewalld:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <b><a href="https://www.simplylinuxfaq.com/2019/03/what-is-firewalld-and-how-to-configure-rules.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.simplylinuxfaq.com/2019/03/what-is-firewalld-and-how-to-configure-rules.html</a></b></span><span style="font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>( 4 ) Check is SELinux context tags are properly set.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Check if SELinux is enabled. One could run the command <b>"getenforce"</b> to understand if SELinux is in 'Enforcing' or 'Permissive' mode. Otherwise, this would return the answer as 'disabled'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ If the above command returns 'Enforcing' then this could be the issue. Therefore, proper SELinux context tags need to be set as required. The SELinux mode could be changed on the fly from 'Enforcing' to 'Permissive' to check if this is the cause by running the command:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # setenforce 0 </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Verify if SELinux mode has got changed (the below command should return 'Permissive'):</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # getenforce </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ In this mode, SELinux would not block any access, however, would log a warning message and would allow connections. Once this is done, test application connections and if that works then need to revert SELinux mode to 'Enforcing' and set proper SELinux context tags and ports.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Let's say that our webserver is configured with different 'DocumentRoot' directory which is pointing to '/myweb' instead of default '/var/www/html'. In this case the web access would fail since the SELinux context tag is different. We could also get to see an error in the respective application log file ( in this case: /var/log/html/error.log).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Verify the current SELinux context tag. The syntax to be used is : # ls -lZd /<DirectoryName></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # ls -lZd /myweb </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [root@rhel7 ~]# ls -ldZ /myweb
drwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0 /myweb </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ The above command tells me that the SELinux context tag set is different when compared with the one set on '/var/www/html' directory which is 'httpd_sys_content_t' as given below:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> [root@rhel7 ~]# ls -ldZ /var/www/html
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /var/www/html </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">→ </span>Hence, need to fix this by using <b><span style="color: #073763;">'semanage' command</span></b> (This command is available from 'policycoreutils-python’ package).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # semange fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t '/myweb(/.*)?' </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # restorecon -FRvv /myweb </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Now, verify if correct SELinux context tag is applied on the web server root directory:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> [root@rhel7 ~]# ls -ldZ /myweb
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /myweb </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ Accessing the application should work without any issues after the changes.<span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre;"> </span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>( 5 ) Use 'strace' or 'ltrace' while running any commands whenever required. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">One could use <b>'strace'</b> to trace system calls and different threads which gets executed as a command is being run. This is helpful in understanding and tracing how a command gets processed. This is a handy option when a command is not returning expected output and if we wish to debug further. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, to understand what are the different system calls gets called in when running any command, we could simply run the command by prefixing it with '</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">strace' as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # strace ls </span></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>Dump the system trace calls/logs to a file and read it later using the command:</b></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: merriweather, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> # strace -o /tmp/ls-strace.out ls </span><br /></b>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">To understand the number of different system calls being processed:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # strace -c ls </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">One could check out the man page of the command to understand different arguments/options available. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Also, there is<b><span style="color: #0c343d;"> <span>'ltrace'</span> </span></b>command which is available and not usually installed by default. One could install the 'ltrace' package to get this. This would help in understanding the different library threads which gets executed when a command runs. Run 'ltrace' command by </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">prefixing</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> it to any commands as shown below:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # ltrace ls </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # ltrace -c ls </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> …. this would fetch a detailed report of number of library call counts. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rather than showing/dumping all such library traces on to a terminal which is hard to read and lengthy, one could get the output to a temporary file and read it later as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # ltrace -o /tmp/ls-ltrace.out ls </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, in this case the file /tmp/ls-ltrace.out could be read or viewed later for better readability. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">( 6 ) Switch from GUI to CLI if required. </span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, sometimes it is necessary to switch from GUI to CLI mode which could cut down the graphical process/threads and allow us to get into text mode. This would also helps the system to slow down on resource consumption. Many a times the graphical processes or threads or services which are running in the background are not necessary. It is recommended or best method to setup/install a system in non-gui mode whenever possible. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, to switch from GUI mode to CLI, we could run the below command:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">…..in RHEL6 and below versions:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> # init </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">…...in RHEL</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7 </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and above versions:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> # systemctl isolate multi-user.target </span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-58104928777073531762019-03-03T15:29:00.004+05:302021-06-06T19:49:16.569+05:30What Is Firewalld & How To Configure Rules?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-0c69ad7d-7fff-d28d-b63e-dc919dec20e4"><a href="about:invalid#zClosurez" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Image result for firewall" border="0" 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" style="text-align: left;" /></a><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">In</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> this post we’d talk about ‘firewalld’ and it is benefits and how to get it configured in RHEL7 and above systems.</span></span></span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-0c69ad7d-7fff-d28d-b63e-dc919dec20e4"><span id="docs-internal-guid-6a11ed2a-7fff-c294-bc75-c1671bfb65f4"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>A Note on netfilter</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-0c69ad7d-7fff-d28d-b63e-dc919dec20e4"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In Linux </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘netfilter’ </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is being used which is a powerful network filtering sub-system. This allows kernel modules to inspect each packet traversing the system, and it could be dropped or rejected or allowed in a programmatic way and this applies to all incoming, outgoing and forwarded packets. So, in earlier RHEL6.x version we had </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘iptables’ </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">which is a well-known netfilter program. However, in RHEL7.x version and above we've </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘firewalld’</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in-place of ‘iptables’.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>What is firewalld?</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The new </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘firewalld’ </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is more powerful than earlier ‘iptables’ which can configure & monitor system firewall rules. A firewall is a way to protect systems from an unwanted traffic from outside. It covers both IPv4 & IPv6 rules and also ‘etables’ (to manage software bridges) settings. In earlier RHEL6.x version this was not possible using ‘iptables’, hence, there was ‘ip6tables’ & ‘etables’.</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-0c69ad7d-7fff-d28d-b63e-dc919dec20e4"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This daemon comes from ‘firewalld’ package which is installed by default in a ‘base’ installation mode, however, not in ‘minimal’ mode.</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-0c69ad7d-7fff-d28d-b63e-dc919dec20e4"><span id="docs-internal-guid-acda364e-7fff-05e2-12b3-75c96a67852a"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>How does firewalld works?</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-0c69ad7d-7fff-d28d-b63e-dc919dec20e4"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In ‘firewalld’, all network traffic is classified into zones. Based on criteria such as source IP address of a packet or incoming network interface, traffic gets diverted into corresponding zones where appropriate rules gets applied. Each zone would have it’s own list of ports or services to be opened or closed.</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-0c69ad7d-7fff-d28d-b63e-dc919dec20e4"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The below diagram shows a simple demonstration of a firewalld function. In this sketch it is assumed that the system firewalld is configured to allow only communication on ports 22 & 25, and rest all requests are blocked/denied.</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-094bb818-7fff-ac7e-b3e9-5b8e628f98eb"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="337" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/og1grj8gKGFNrG9-We11yG9N84B8UaRKL3chNAwaD7H3B0jQPFkJOq6sVJNPgWMZ5AYB1-IJrC-mIW54TpxZC8n35ZiWMkUI5S1s9T9Iq5j6SmYwIbxLHP9WLkEosnBd3DIVqUf_" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4f8593fc-7fff-ce45-f9e0-cbb1a8075dfe"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ebc069ac-7fff-391d-7c85-b10824bae053"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #0c343d;">There are zones in firewalld……</span></b><span style="color: cyan;">.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4f8593fc-7fff-ce45-f9e0-cbb1a8075dfe"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, firewalld would inspect every packet that is traversing into the system, first it would be checked for source address, if that source address is associated with a zone then rules of that zone would be applied. If source IP address doesn’t belong to a zone, then rules from incoming network zone would be parsed. Zones are predefined sets of rules. Network interfaces and sources can be assigned to a zone.</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4f8593fc-7fff-ce45-f9e0-cbb1a8075dfe"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">If a network interface is not associated with a zone, then <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">default zone</span></b> would be used. The public zone would be used as a default zone.</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4f8593fc-7fff-ce45-f9e0-cbb1a8075dfe"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Each zone would have its own list of ports/services to be allowed or blocked, so if packet in a particular zone doesn’t match permitted port/protocol/service then it would generally be rejected. There is<b> ‘trusted zone’</b> which allows all traffic by default which is one exception.</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4f8593fc-7fff-ce45-f9e0-cbb1a8075dfe"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f61c4730-7fff-8eee-b6db-c1c882baf937"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are number of predefined zones which are suitable for various purposes such as ‘trusted’, ‘home’, ’internal’, ’public’, etc., available. Like-wise there are predefined services defined using which a user or administrator could allow traffic to pass through firewall. The command ‘firewall-cmd --get-services’ could be used to list out predefined services.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s see the implementation of firewalld</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">By default ‘firewalld’ package gets installed and services gets started. To check if the 'firewalld' service is running or active, run the below commands:</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4f8593fc-7fff-ce45-f9e0-cbb1a8075dfe"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"># systemctl status firewalld </span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ this would tell us the service status</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4f8593fc-7fff-ce45-f9e0-cbb1a8075dfe"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># systemctl is-active firewalld </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ shows if firewalld is currently active</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4f8593fc-7fff-ce45-f9e0-cbb1a8075dfe"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"># systemctl is-enabled firewalld </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ shows if the firewalld service is set to start on poweron/reboot</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">To find out if firewalld service is active and running using 'firewall-cmd' command:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">The predefined zones are stored in the <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><span>"/usr/lib/firewalld/zones/</span>"</b></span> directory and can be instantly applied to any available network interface. These files are copied to the <b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span>"/etc/firewalld/zones/"</span> </span></b>directory only after they are modified.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Configure firewall rules</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are three ways to configure rules in firewalld:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ By editing files in <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">‘/etc/firewalld/’</span></b> folder (not recommended).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ By using <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">‘</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">firewall-config’</span><span style="color: yellow;"> </span></b>command</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ By using <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">‘</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">firewall-cmd’</span></b> command.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s configure firewall settings by using <b>‘firewall-cmd’ </b>command. So, first let’s start by querying for default zone being used.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@test ~]# firewall-cmd --get-default-zone</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">Public</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">To find out list of zones available:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@test ~]# firewall-cmd --get-zones</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">block dmz drop external home internal public trusted work</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-d1968b6f-7fff-3a83-e7fb-a9c571e16a4a"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To find out list of configured interfaces, ports, services for dmz zone the following command could be used. If zone option is not specified then it would list out details for default zone:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">[root@test ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all --zone=dmz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>{ </b>like-wise “firewall-cmd --list-services" would show only list of services being enabled on default zone & "firewall-cmd --list-ports” to show only ports allowed on default zone<b> }</b></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-9d4735fc-7fff-5360-5890-96c92e9bbb7b"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s see how to allow packets to pass through http (80) port on default zone. So, the command is:(one could skip the --zone parameter as the firewalld would use default zone if not mentioned) :</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@test ~]# firewall-cmd --add-service=http --zone=public --permanent</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, let’s see how to add a customized port number “4567/tcp” in firewall settings so that traffic would pass through in the default zone which is ‘public’:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@test ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port 4567/tcp --zone=public</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-90d3776d-7fff-c7c5-52c8-9cea1e63990c" style="background-color: black;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">success</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">These changes are not effective immediately, only after service restart/reload or system reboot. Without the "--permanent" option, a change will only be part of the runtime configuration. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hence, after making changes to the rules table, run the command <b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span>"firewall-cmd --reload"</span> </span></b>to make the new rules become effective. Any rules which are only part of runtime would be lost. Finally, run the command <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">"firewall-cmd --list-all"</span></b> command to find out all/active/enabled services/ports in firewalld default zone.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather";"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">*The </span></span><b style="font-family: merriweather; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: yellow;">"</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">firewall-cmd --runtime-to-permanent"</span></b><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> command is also available to make runtime changes permanent which doesn't need the requirement to run "firewall-cmd --reload".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Also, there is <b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span>'firewall-cmd --remove-port</span><span>' </span></span></b>& <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><span>'firewall-cmd --remove-service'</span></b> </span>available to get a port/service removed from firewall rule set. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ To list out all active/enabled ports in firewalld in default zone:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@test ~]# firewall-cmd --list-ports</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">80/tcp 4567/tcp</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ To list out all active/enabled services in firewalld in default zone:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@test ~]# firewall-cmd --list-services</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">ssh dhcpv6-client ftp http https</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">→ To list out all active/enabled services/ports in firewalld in default zone:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@test ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">public (active)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> target: default</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> icmp-block-inversion: no</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> interfaces: enp0s8 enp0s3 br-demo</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> sources:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> services: ssh dhcpv6-client ftp http https</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> ports: 80/tcp 4567/tcp</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> protocols:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> masquerade: no</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> forward-ports:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> source-ports:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"> icmp-blocks:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> rich rules:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Note:</span><span style="color: yellow;"> </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Using <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><span>‘--permanent’</span></b> </span>parameter one could add/modify the rules and makes it persistent across reboots. Anytime running the command <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><span>“firewall-cmd --reload”</span></b> </span>would drop runtime configurations and apply persistent configuration.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather";"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is also 'rich-rule' set available which could be used to add more sophisticated firewall rules. Some of the use cases are like specific range of IP address on a particular port but deny access to one of the IPs in that range could be done using 'rich-rules'. This blog page shows a simple/basic configurations done in firewalld, users may have to refer further documentations to get to know about advanced/complex firewall configurations.</span></span><br />
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-49058605719755573212019-01-17T12:55:00.003+05:302021-06-06T19:51:58.505+05:30Let's Automate System Health Check In Linux<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/stiI1ONfjs5JhcFFMJD3JB3dGX8i7IYETdOrAweUdozpT3mENAunj5pxNDHGCdCVV_mm8ktc-XhORY8SStcySlX5KYyYzRB-F0fzhSeKJPM9tOOGh9SJ26bPiQnQLuoA85pLHt1I" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/stiI1ONfjs5JhcFFMJD3JB3dGX8i7IYETdOrAweUdozpT3mENAunj5pxNDHGCdCVV_mm8ktc-XhORY8SStcySlX5KYyYzRB-F0fzhSeKJPM9tOOGh9SJ26bPiQnQLuoA85pLHt1I" style="border: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 13pt; transform: rotate(0rad); white-space: pre-wrap;" width="222" /></a><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: large; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>M</b></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">ost of the modern day applications uses virtual systems which are cloud based hosted by some popular cloud service providers such as Amazon, Google, Azure, Verizon etc,. Since these systems are provisioned and maintained by the cloud service providers, the task of a Linux Administrator has gone reduced. Gone are the days when a Linux Admin spends hours of time in analyzing crash dump to understand the symptoms of reboot/crash and finding out ways to tune the system. So, in this virtual world, application vendors doesn't really bothered or interested if a virtual machine crashes, because they get to host the services on another virtual system with absolutely zero or minimal downtime. All such tasks of maintaining virtual systems are done by cloud providers. Hence, from application perspective there are no worries as such. However, there are times when it is required to track/monitor a Linux system health which is hosting some applications. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">A simple and user friendly way to track system health status which is easier to modify and implement is using 'health-check' script. This uses native Linux commands and generates a simple text report and sends it to the required users on regular intervals. Yes, in this blog post I'm going to demonstrate on making a script to run as a cron job which generates logs and further there is log rotation policy which is being implemented. The log rotation would take care of compressing and removing old log files. This controls the disk usage of such logs.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">System Environment</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A virtual system installed with RHEL</span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.4</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> running on a VMWare Workstation 11 is being used for this demonstration.</span><br />
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<img height="108" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/DkyjAu3GCrZ52nAVV3L61oMzHlvSF9mD65BX2luc5JRddFkkVxXhBB5yBsTX7fEDHpImM02Jkr3nprUgZahyB-YbX0oecyNrofac8Kl84AsZ3dv9YYmsoSpg-zx0-7It-J_d7acd" style="border: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 13pt; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0rad); white-space: pre-wrap;" width="478" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre;">Let's Start!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 1: Create the main script file</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I'm going to use the </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'health-check.sh'</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> script which I had created in one of my earlier blog posts which can be accessed using the below link:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i><a href="https://www.simplylinuxfaq.com/2015/05/How-To-Check-Health-Status-Of-Linux-System.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.simplylinuxfaq.com/2015/05/How-To-Check-Health-Status-Of-Linux-System.html</a></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">This script 'health-check.sh' file is a simple, yet native and runs faster on any Linux variants. For more details, please visit the above blog link and also to download the script file. One could modify the script as required according to their requirements. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">I've copied/placed the script file under root as shown below and made it executable :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /health-check.sh</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7621 Jan 5 18:40 /health-check.sh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is the main script file which generates the health report of the system and dumps into a terminal. </span><b style="font-family: merriweather; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">A small change is required to be made in this script file. Please edit the 'health-check.sh' file and change the value of variable 'COLOR' to 'no' which is defined at the beginning of the script file. </b><b style="font-family: merriweather; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Step 2: Create another script which calls the main script file</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let's create a simple script file called 'health-check-gen.sh' as shown below and make it executable :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /health-check-gen.sh</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 104 Jan 5 19:33 /health-check-gen.sh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The file contents should be as given below:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">[root@localhost ~]# cat /health-check-gen.sh</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">#!/bin/bash</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">REPORTDATE="$(date +%d-%m-%y-%H%M)"</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">/health-check.sh 1> /var/log/health-report/health-check-report-$REPORTDATE.txt 2> /dev/null</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">echo -e "System Health Check Report For: $REPORTDATE" \</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">| mailx -a /var/log/health-report/health-check-report-$REPORTDATE.txt -s \</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #f3f3f3;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ced4d19f-7fff-a91f-e929-85782d170e47" style="background-color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">'System Health Check Report Attached' root@localhost</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">A screen shot of the 'health-check-gen.sh' file:</span></div>
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<img height="123" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_3rYqlWyBK9MdFXmxc6umS1y8mDHaGN1dA45CYm3lk25s5Lrz-VXT5X2SGaAR5uEDdEgqLijAeZ2NavekhaXSyUqSsON8gnIEf3GPDlafg2lEe8oqxgib_csTqXnnOQEipnrcAQp" style="border: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; transform: rotate(0rad); white-space: pre-wrap;" width="728" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- This script runs 'health-check.sh' script file as specified.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- Stores the output in a text file in the folder '/var/log/health-report/' and file name is in the format 'health-check-report-(%d-%m-%y-%H%M).txt'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- Alternatively, an email would gets triggered and sent to the specified user with report file as an attachment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The reason why the 'health-check.sh' being called inside another script file (health-check-gen.sh) is for portability i.e to keep the core script file </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">separate</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Which is easier to make changes and maintain. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13.5pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; white-space: pre;">Step 3: Create a cron job</span><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this example, I've created the cron job to be run on once in every 5 minutes (just for demonstration purpose) as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">[root@localhost ~]# crontab -l</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">*/5 * * * * /health-check-gen.sh</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">In case it is required to run this script every week, say for example, every week on Sunday at 0:00 hours, we could modify the cron job as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@localhost ~]# crontab -l</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">0 0 * * sun /health-check-gen.sh</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, change the cron job as required to be run.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Step 4: Verify if this generating the report as required</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, go to '/var/log/health-report/' folder and verify if the report has been generated successfully (you may need to wait at least 5 minutes time to get file created). Otherwise, just execute the '/health-check-gen.sh' script file which could create health check report file.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt;">[root@localhost health-report]# ls -ltr</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">total 16</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4365 Jan 6 16:05 health-check-report-06-01-19-1605.txt</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4583 Jan 6 16:10 health-check-report-06-01-19-1610.txt</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, verify if mail has been received by the root user as specified with given health check report data.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: lime; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: lime; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f0ba0e65-7fff-5920-b17f-21cf4ca9acae" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="102" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/hWql0MI10YDv8PT4zVYQpeahjKguQ0oaFY-P9XEohGa0Q9I5WAXa4UHCj1L5bZDzlPIqaaRUYsP3ZPySgfHtAp57kaoaT25Re4gH8inj8O8xrdIsDLvihrdlwvr66ljfWP4BTY6H" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="736" /></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, mail has got triggered with health check report file as attachments. One could view the mail contents and check if that is good enough.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Further, one could also verify if cron jobs are getting executed by examining '/var/log/cron' file and may see entries as shown below:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Jan 6 16:05:02 localhost CROND[1874]: (root) CMD (/health-check-gen.sh)
Jan 6 16:10:01 localhost CROND[2005]: (root) CMD (/health-check-gen.sh)</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13.5pt; white-space: pre;"><b>Step 5: Create a log rotation rule</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let's create a log rotation rule which would check and rotate such logs weekly which otherwise would pile up and '/var' may run out of space. So, it is always recommended to implement log rotation.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Go to '/etc/rsyslog.d/' folder and create a file with the following contents:</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/logrotate.d/health-check</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">/var/log/health-report/health-check-report-* {</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> weekly</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> rotate 10</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> missingok</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> compress</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> maxage 90</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> }</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>This is how the rotation of these log files works:</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre;">→ These log files stored under '/var/log/health-report' folder gets checked & rotated once in a week.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre;">→ It would be rotated only if there are more than 10 log files found, otherwise, it would get skipped.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre;">→ If any file gets rotated then such log files would be compressed to save space and gets stored under the same </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre;"> folder with extension as '.gz'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , serif; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre;">→ Any compressed files older than 90 days (compared with current date) gets removed automatically.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i>* These parameters could be adjusted/changed as required. </i></b></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-13036027145302778472018-12-04T15:46:00.005+05:302021-06-06T21:55:41.548+05:30RHEL 8 Beta: Bits & Pieces<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, Red Hat has recently released the </span><b style="font-family: merriweather; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Beta </span></b><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">version of </span><b style="font-family: merriweather; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8</span></b><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">. This is still in a rigorous testing and development phase, so there could be some changes compared with ‘Stable’ release later. As everyone I was also keen on installing the ‘beta’ version and checking how it works, what are the differences, what’s new, what is not available etc., hence, I thought of writing up this post to give a glimpse of RHEL 8 beta.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: 13pt;">In this post, I’m not going to run through the installation process, rather, I’d be interested in pointing out new changes, what’s-in & what’s-not, and some interesting aspects of RHEL 8. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>(:) New Kernel Version 4.18</span></b></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-e06d59f7-7fff-1730-069a-bdae1b9c9b19"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RHEL8 is based on Fedora 28 upstream version and it's <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">kernel is 4.18</span></b> version. The release version is code named <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>“</b></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Ootpa</b></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>”</b></span>.</span></span></div>
<a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/EVnco791rYuaxiRAqfZiFnmJUDsn2yf_hPklapKZbf6dpHqoQxKo9KiQ0MT6MNqhLJfgvNMKiZA7Q-KKRX_YAs7vuCJ5McE_7QaHh8JIDlDvn4XIt3htXgbDtK84VLP-wBXVBpd-" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/EVnco791rYuaxiRAqfZiFnmJUDsn2yf_hPklapKZbf6dpHqoQxKo9KiQ0MT6MNqhLJfgvNMKiZA7Q-KKRX_YAs7vuCJ5McE_7QaHh8JIDlDvn4XIt3htXgbDtK84VLP-wBXVBpd-" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><br /></a><br />
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<b style="font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) Repo Channels ( BaseOS & AppStream )</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are two repository channels available which are <span style="color: #cc0000;"><span><b>“BaseOS”</b></span> & <b><span>“AppStream”</span></b></span> (application stream) for content management. The “BaseOS” repo provide core functionality, however, “AppStream” is for extended functionality beyond the “BaseOS”. Both of these repo channels are required and available with RHEL subscriptions, </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">and once subscription is activated it gets enabled as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a43505a3-7fff-f892-487b-0f4c9fe1617a"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">If there is any trouble in getting the subscription activated, then follow the steps as shown in the below snap, which should help:</span></span></span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOTE: Thanks to one of my friends <b>Christian </b>who has helped me with this. He had mentioned about this issue in one of the discussion threads @Red Hat (</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://access.redhat.com/discussions/3694451" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://access.redhat.com/discussions/3694451</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) which points to a Bugzilla thread being opened to address this. </span></i></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>(:) Software Management by DNF</b></span></span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-f6f4d670-7fff-4a50-14fc-604433680820"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The 'yum' command is just a symbolic link to 'dnf' as package management is done by dnf which provides much improved performance and well designed approach to overall package management. Yum is based on DNF technology and yum command provides backward compatibility with YUM v3 being used in earlier versions.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">‘rpm’ is of version 4.14</span></b> which is an improved edition compared to earlier 4.11 version. One of the noticeable enhancements in this version is the capability of validating entire package using best hash algorithms in a separate step prior to installation. Now, packages being built on RHEL8 uses<b><span style="color: yellow;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">SHA</span></b></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>256</b></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> hash</span></b> (earlier MD</span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was being used) on the compressed payload. </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(:) Python </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.6</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is the default implementation</span></b></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-3e7bf1b4-7fff-8723-5996-8a1739d91033"><br /><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The python version </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.6</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is the default implementation available in RHEL 8. The earlier version ‘python </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.7</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">’ is also available which can be installed using the command ‘yum install python2’.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) Wayland - default display server</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The default display server is ‘Wayland’ used by Gnome Display Manager in RHEL8. The Xorg server was being used in earlier version. Xorg is still available as an optional choice which could be selected if required. </span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-6162bfd5-7fff-6362-77c6-a02f173a9108"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The "gnome shell" is of version 3.28 now. The KDE (KDE Plasma Workspaces) display manager being used as an alternative to GNOME in RHEL 7 has been removed. Also, Red Hat doesn’t support migration from RHEL 7 KDE to RHEL 8 GNOME. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) nftables - default network packet filtering</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The "nftables" is the default network packet filtering which has replaced earlier "iptables" framework. The firewalld daemon would uses nftables in the back-end. This would replace the earlier used ‘iptables’, ‘ip6tables’, ‘arptables’ & ‘ebtables’ tools. The ‘nftables’ does provide a single frame work for both IPv4 & IPv6 protocols. </span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-01705c99-7fff-1265-7e44-ddf6fb4ac801"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="169" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/LXZ0ScJeJogvdSudUvPNYe3WEnV7AjVH6_zY3E-3hQnoDXpSuEY6iME4gsC-07zvvpGJSTzsM4zOp4DCRgw5Ay5TjnKNNIicQpIMOhzikl0rntCFa7e3wHaUqSKArd85rlzvEUuZ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) Chrony - default & only NTP</span></span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-f9296fd1-7fff-4650-65cc-e5f9c353de64"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chrony is the default & only NTP available in this release of RHEL 8. In earlier version (RHEL</span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">), there were two implementation of NTP available which were 'ntp' & 'chrony'. In RHEL 8 the 'ntp' has been removed.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) Cockpit is now available by default</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Cockpit </span></b>is now installed by default and available. This gets installed automatically on non-minimal mode and required ports gets enabled in firewall.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The<span style="color: #cc0000;"> <b><span>"Cockpit"</span></b></span> provides an enhanced framework which can be used to access/edit/change many system settings. This provides access over a web interface which can be launched using </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>http://<hostname>:9090</i></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"> </span>url. It also provides a terminal which can be used to execute commands and connects using ssh in the back-end.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Also, virtual machines (libvirt based) can be easily managed using <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Cockpit </span></b>now. The "virt-manager" which was being used earlier has been deprecated and it is replaced by "cockpit".</span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-c597552d-7fff-fd7b-b785-e2b0169b8739"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-fe674058-7fff-3099-8fcf-75759a892a75"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="355" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/LpDKqhe_V5cuEnYzZPWdsXRloCVKei8s814dSFDi19dFUXXn3PhuVgJ0-3ZOjhsMpJMfFhY1HeEV499ahFynqMBi8F1lZHMk-qRkjKS5LLReRZXH221R_Oqk8Hard5D2bH3oo-Yt" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-9066ae97-7fff-ab73-5a64-a44542a0e51e"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To access Cockpit dashboard, make sure the <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><span>“cockpit.socket”</span></b> </span>is enabled and running and <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">port </span></b></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>9090</b></span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> (TCP) is allowed in firewall</span><span style="color: yellow;"> </span></b>as shown in the below snap:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-bfadf45e-7fff-e1f1-9334-e7a6522dc19c"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="303" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/na0RenRTDESQYWxSsfVGDryLpWSWRlWWNl4677by6HsAE4sRoOjDFmVFg4s4-STAaFzcDaW1J6ZYvqrrDlo34ngoPQ2xYfqDXhhsUVSaO9HqpEBP2nAaevRXFafvDCnCXkY0I2W-" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Once done, Cockpit service could be accessed using a web browser and an initial login screen would comes up as shown below:</span><br />
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<img height="302" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/XKGzAK8E3N3KP9-AO9BFaoHs1cQPAvSGm0xcuCr7XanEnulQjQU0drGY9TcigrCVS1_dJrKYrOA_hxvAkOLOnCZ01kbJt9wpSR3MjqcEcvqFlkFbsAAxhIgvKKEopS7BqsNA8fhv" style="border: none; font-family: merriweather; font-size: 13pt; transform: rotate(0rad); white-space: pre-wrap;" width="734" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">After successful login using user credential, we could get to see a nice screen with many options for administration, and user could do many a things here. It also provides a terminal to execute commands which is a nice feature. </span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-95e5b878-7fff-5d7b-9e71-ef74be6356dc"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="339" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/RCzL4oUTwIItu0tnEse99T6no8WNO8enalmT1-TsyM2i0AwsBjQFoEVbaqBO1WfmRc2PQ3daMfWF-XaxnUiCDDul4OP4BdrqABY8YX8Ex2gC3wVsRwdYqaehfNW1Tui1jia1FDjT" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="724" /></span></span><br />
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<img height="139" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ym4Fca3x3Hk0eF45xeHe1kKPvZiyQEdXDYgawZ8u2MQj8KQrJDgOSxOhCo0EEMMwzBRvMFeUE4fLMa9B6LXfq2EDruC7aq3FZmXw3iKdJ93ffO8zf6kywB_HylXOj1XNtLJNZJVO" style="border: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 13pt; transform: rotate(0rad); white-space: pre-wrap;" width="719" /><br />
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<span style="color: cyan; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(:) New kernel supports </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-level paging</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">In earlier version there was </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">-level paging implementation which could address </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">48/46</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> bit of virtual/physical addresses, and there was an upper physical bus limit to </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">64</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">TB. With the upcoming Intel processors, these limits have been extended to </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">57/52</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> bit of virtual/physical memory addressing with </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">128 </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">PiB of virtual address space and </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4 </span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline;">PB of physical memory capacity. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">(:) Database servers in RHEL 8</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The following database servers are available with new RHEL version:</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - MySQL </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.0</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - MariaDB </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10.3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - PostgreSQL 10 and PostgreSQL </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9.6</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Redis </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.0</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) Change in NFS configuration file</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The earlier used NFS configuration file which is <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">"/etc/sysconfig/nfs"</span></b> has been replaced by <span style="color: #cc0000;"><span><b>"/etc/nfs.conf"</b></span> </span>file. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 attempts to automatically convert all options from "/etc/sysconfig/nfs" to "/etc/nfs.conf" when upgrading from RHEL7. Also, the service daemons were also changed as "nfs.service" has become 'nfs-server.service' in RHEL 8.</span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-14a0f764-7fff-8878-b669-9d18ced19ad6"><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="416" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/xuWxBebntoJuKO75sJ66Kpa3Yuw8MwF4ln0_lbfDkREv47U6h2mItcVJlorSFe2ukH-UuTh46DDxkRZA5lkj5fNWbsRreKrx8oj2M7Q_EVaNscsGIxYsl2Zn923J4X2TwCpegRvu" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) Installation sources</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">RHEL 8 Beta version can be installed using ISO image which is available in two formats:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Binary DVD </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Netinstall DVD (boot.iso)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The "binary DVD" provides complete installation image including packages as well, however, the "Netinstall DVD" provide minimal image to boot up and needs access to remote/network access for further installation. The binary DVD is a bit heavy compared to earlier version which is of size 6.5GB.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anyone who wants to try installing and do some testing, could visit this page of Red Hat fore more details:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 17.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i><u><a href="https://access.redhat.com/products/red-hat-enterprise-linux/beta" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://access.redhat.com/products/red-hat-enterprise-linux/beta</a></u></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) The network scripts are deprecated</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The network scripts are not available by default in RHEL 8. There is a new version of 'ifup' & 'ifdown' being used which would need the NetworkManager daemon to be running and uses "nmlci" in the back-end. If earlier network scripts needed then one has to install 'network-scripts' package. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="149" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/knxH2mgjmMNcY7-ckfawe8Pc-CFB1X4XAsGZiL4kWwRWMebq37MLf8-HpVJC2CO3q65H7DoHrq6q9UHKhLL0ct-nwvGCmm4lyFMVY6P7OR2jPzF_p_SBFjj3WMaXQcJVVH2Kdq0J" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Also, there is no ‘network.service’ which used to serve as legacy daemon in earlier version. All network related commands or utilities would utilize the NetworkManager service in the back-end and without which it would not work.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="236" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/cfKSsx7aWeFDoTgeFzlLEkukFHK8mib_P4CZy3Y_R6EaTimpr0nNgCFT83-EtiRGBnvx2Kozlv6AJKqG0eY98HpTmvQ8_K8Xc9Nst-MaZDzutfu1f1yIsrsdPjhtY1pfjqX9Lf48" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) The "Btrfs" file system has been removed</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In RHEL 8 the ‘Btrfs’ file system is not supported. In earlier RHEL </span><span style="font-family: "oxygen"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span><span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> version it was on technology preview. Users could no longer create or mount ‘Btrfs’ file systems in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>(:) podman in container technology</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">The </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">‘podman’</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> tool is fully supported feature in RHEL 8. The podman tool manages pods, container images, and containers on a single node. A set of container images are available, however, RHSCL, DTS, and DotNet container images are not provided in RHEL 8 Beta.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 13pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-99389c21-7fff-d64a-501f-273974b5e564"><b><span style="color: cyan;"></span></b></span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-99389c21-7fff-d64a-501f-273974b5e564"><b><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The all new RHEL 8 beta release is integrated with many new functions and features. It is cloud and container friendly platform which provides stable, secure environment for deployment of hybrid cloud workloads.</span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-99389c21-7fff-d64a-501f-273974b5e564"><b><span>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-99389c21-7fff-d64a-501f-273974b5e564"><b><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I've listed some of the noticeable changes, features, enhancements only here. If someone wants to know a complete list of all new features/functions added or removed then one has to refer to the Release Guide of RHEL 8 Beta.</span></span></b></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span><b><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span><b><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "merriweather"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">All the best!</span></span></b></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-99389c21-7fff-d64a-501f-273974b5e564"><b><span style="color: cyan;">
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1785315737647362088.post-90132255708165179512018-11-01T03:05:00.003+05:302021-06-06T20:25:04.941+05:30How-To Recover Accidentally Deleted Disk Partition In Linux?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/dHMLq056_WQKzMEqRDCuDt2-is4r5kBLREo_BxrVw_CchwIGZT_yk16uCwN1ksAFPuCnWlpaQAPLD0UdV_VrEuEMVcExGs-q4XhEuKhejwj8sVajsjkD_h4uZzRhq9pQHpQOKJCo" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/dHMLq056_WQKzMEqRDCuDt2-is4r5kBLREo_BxrVw_CchwIGZT_yk16uCwN1ksAFPuCnWlpaQAPLD0UdV_VrEuEMVcExGs-q4XhEuKhejwj8sVajsjkD_h4uZzRhq9pQHpQOKJCo" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">T</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">here are many a times that we’ve come across this situation where an </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“hard drive partition table has been erased accidentally”</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> or </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“partition data is missing or corrupted”</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and hence, unable to mount respective block devices. Yes, </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“how to recover or repair corrupted or deleted partition table of a hard drive”</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> or </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“how can I recreate hard drive partition table without losing data”</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> are some of the keywords that we hit on Internet to find out a solution. There are a few third party tools (many from open-source) available which could get this job done, however, I wanted to show how this could be done using native tools/commands in Linux operating system. There are at times that we could not use those third party tools, hence, we’ve to go with native way of restoring partition table data. So, let’s see how could we get this achieved. NOTE: If a hard drive is extremely damaged (physically) or if it is re-formatted (making a file system) or if meta-data itself is gone corrupted or severely damaged then there are very less chances of recovering data, in such cases users may have to rely on some sophisticated third party tools which may recover some or part of data. The situation that I’m going to cover here is wherein a hard drive partition table is erased, however, no re-formatting has been done yet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">Before we could get into the act/demonstration of restoring hard drive data, let’s understand a few facts about hard drives and how data gets stored.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>How does a disk (hard disk/drive) is designed to hold data?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">A hard disk or drive, be it a SATA (Serial ATA), SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) etc, would normally resemble thin disk plates mounted on rotating disk spindle with read/write heads attached, which represents a high level architect view of a hard drive except SSD (Solid State Drive) where architecture is different. Each of such disk plates which are circular in shape gets divided into smaller tracks (ring) and again divided into sectors. A sector is the smallest data unit segment.</span></div>
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<a href="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/UpVl3F7JyxsVW5LOdX0Q9TblHrccA5rQT7nmYpr1-h17lFpQn0jxxIgofWkvAbFU7lYObzB7x46jVAJoBEAhX4q146vyUiWq63jYPZN7qlOfjkcVsZ1tkN2PbUTyQgs1IA0oNHfq" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/UpVl3F7JyxsVW5LOdX0Q9TblHrccA5rQT7nmYpr1-h17lFpQn0jxxIgofWkvAbFU7lYObzB7x46jVAJoBEAhX4q146vyUiWq63jYPZN7qlOfjkcVsZ1tkN2PbUTyQgs1IA0oNHfq" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="365" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here is a small cut-out internal diagram of a hard drive which shows how disk plates are stacked one above another. Each disk plate would get divided into tracks, sectors which gets accessed by read/write heads for each plates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, the data gets stored on hard drives in blocks and which is accessed by read/write heads by referring to Cylinder number, read/write head number, and finally sector number (CHS). This is the most basic method on how data gets stored or retrieved by disk drives. This is also referred as disk addressing methodology. There are some limitations with this method and hence, there is LBA (Logical Block Addressing) mode which being used, and there is GPT (GUID Partition Table) an advanced method which is also available for bigger hard drives. I’m not going to explain all this as this is not within the scope of the subject.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Why do we need to create hard drive partitions and file-systems on it?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">A new hard drive without formatting is unusable. What that means is that operating system can’t understand hard drive layout to write/read data. So, ideally one bigger hard drive gets divided into partitions depending on requirements. These partitions would be made suitable for storing data by creating file system layout which the operating system (kernel) can understand and can easily write/read data. In Windows, we would call this as formatting process. This is the standard being followed on different operating systems which are non-Unix as well. NOTE: A whole hard drive could be used without creating partitions when it is used as underlying block device in case of a logical volume. But it is recommended to make a partition with complete size of a hard drive and then use it as an underlying block device for a logical volume which could avoid any tool/program that might mistakenly project the hard drive as being unused.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">There is a partition table which is ideally in the first 512 bytes of a drive which holds partition details also referred to as meta data. This partition table is of 64 bytes size which can hold 16 X 4 (16 bytes X 4 partitions) data. Each partition holds details such as starting CHS, total partition capacity in bytes, LBA details etc.,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Ideally a hard drive can hold maximum of 4 primary partitions, to overcome this limit there is the concept of extended partition being used which would be the last primary partition that can hold further logical partitions of 16 maximum. This is in case of BIOS (Basic Input Output System) based system which could understand MBR (Master Boot Record) layout. In case of UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) based systems where GPT (GUID Partition Table) being used, there is no such partition limits. Also, MBR could only address a disk of size lesser than 2.2TB.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span>Does erasing partition table would remove data as well?</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Just erasing partition table would never wipe out data on a hard drive. Yes, when a partition table gets corrupted or damaged there is a possibility that we could still recover the partition details. However, there should not any further formatting or damage done to a disk. There are many third party tools available which can still recover data from a badly damaged disk, however, we’d focus only on recovering partition table using native Linux commands/tools here.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Let’s do it!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>System Environment:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">- This is a Virtual Machine (VM) running on Oracle Virtual Box.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">- This system is running with RHEL6.9 and kernel version is “2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">To demonstrate the process of recovering partition table, I’d consider a disk “/dev/sdb” which is the second hard drive with two partitions. The </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">partitions are</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “/dev/sdb1” which is mounted as a block device for the mount point “/data1” & second partition which is “/dev/sdb2” is being used as block device for a LVM i.e “/dev/datavg/datalv” for which the mount point is “/data2” as shown in below snap:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Just for demonstration, I’ve created some files on “/data1” and “/data2”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sector</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is traditionally of </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">512 bytes</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, but newer drives comes with</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 4096 bytes(4K)</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> size. This is the smallest amount of data that can be written to or read from a disk drive by most software. A sector size can’t be altered by operating system and this gets decided by disk manufacturers'. A disk with sector size of 4096 bytes is considered to be having advanced format. This can be viewed using disk tools such as fdisk, parted etc., as shown below:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--> When a partition is formatted by running file system creation then it would calculate certain parameters such as “</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Block size</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”, “</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Block count</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” etc., The “Block size” which is usually of size </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4096 bytes </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(except for /boot in RHEL6, which remains on 1024 bytes) by default unless modified. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-8f6719ab-7fff-05c9-7613-cda4b1e949c9"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="122" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/wbs_xnByBJ1cgWf6BpMASgS4FKxcb-uqeyPhoErRy7Wb8zm9GWDNoOIylZ7lCiOtTDBX2um985_8wKqnQwBirY5Q7SyZxT6O3OlBN_gD_gdARL0Kkyqg_unU0PyjYodAMVo7tDlx" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="570" /></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--> The Linux I/O stack has been enhanced to consume vendor-provided "I/O Limits" information that allows Linux native tools (parted, lvm, mkfs.*, etc) to optimize placement of and access to data. There is </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘physical_block_size’</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which defines smallest unit on which a storage device operates & </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘logical_block_size’</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which is used externally to address location of device respectively. There is also </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'minimum_io_size’</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which defines the device preferred minimum unit for random I/O & </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘optimal_io_size’</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which is the device preferred unit for streaming I/O. These data can be accessed from “/sys” file system as shown below for device “sdb” or using disk utilities such as “fdisk” or “parted”:</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-f0b0d487-7fff-a937-1b10-9817700936db"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="99" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ZKWyZYRbJ0pYOxkefrt5ntqRUxxuxwgNL5mcvYYiRxwiyh5W2NO7F0Lq7qUHypsz2zbZxWwJGDtpuAqXm8XzBLmvsl92BG9dovBo8RSA6m4NxQC053QMhWMyIUoMy82Ljzu9pH0W" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="402" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--> Any hard drive bigger than </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.2TB</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> can’t be understood by </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MBR</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> based tools such as “fdisk”, hence, there we’d need to use “</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">parted</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” tool which is </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GPT</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> aware, and which is also the default partition layout scheme being used in </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UEFI</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> based systems. When using GPT scheme, the partition table gets stored both at first and last sectors of a drive, hence, recovering partition data is not that much difficult.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Replicate the problem: Let’s destroy partition table of device “sdb”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’d be using the “dd” command to nullify the first 512 bytes on the block device “sdb” so that partition table gets erased. However, this would not affect the actual data stored on individual partitions in the device.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="45" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Cx0ysTDvsv9sWjbMu-uufiq1CXcLj8vsWlm7RcXgdT-WnAM-JDDZj_nBWFRpfrQgFuxB81aBcr93lJd-25OuzECymrzOyP5hWvPaV5rDvyJp4QRAA4XpokJbCv--f-oQSkH_TwQW" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span><br />
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<img height="166" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/LkcUNO06zat11p_-IiOlePAF28VibSbEb_91AqSG9PS18SrLnKWrMHONUMe3LJEyxgZbss2f7J9NHdH4Aj7gUhGqWkXjDdk-Qoy9geMPFI43opq9QQtmaBF7xxMIMFVASZOl4Tss" style="border: none; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; transform: rotate(0rad); white-space: pre-wrap;" width="512" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Let’s restore partition table</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Method 1</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Step 1: Identify number of partitions which were created on the device.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">We could understand by reading “/etc/fstab” file that there were two partitions created on “/dev/sdb”. They are “/dev/sdb1” for which the mount point was “/data1” and “/dev/datavg/datalv” lvm for which the mount point was “/data2”.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">If system needs a reboot then comment the respective lines in “/etc/fstab”, otherwise system may fail to boot-up and throws up “Ctrl+D error” goes into emergency mode. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">If mounted details are not available by any chance in “/etc/fstab” file, then we’d need to detect those partitions and recover it.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Step 2: </span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Identify the ‘Block size’ and ‘Block count’.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, let’s create first partition of any size on “/dev/sdb” and then try to detect </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Block size” & “Block count”</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> using the </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“dumpe2fs”</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> command (need to use xfs_info command for XFS file systems). This partition should be of any size and should greater than the original size of the first partition before it was erased.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this case, I knew that it was size of 600MB, however, in real-time we’d not know or remember the actual size of partition. So, let’s create a partition of size 1GB first and check.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-5e2bdca2-7fff-0ee9-b43e-ca05b1c72be7"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-5c3ed726-7fff-4a28-fd8f-e88fab641771"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="193" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Iy82-Iy6deVqQtUO_hV6SsyTcQ9yiE0qpO50x-Ltj5iiATtyuOEXtBWsoefEZ-3LrQ1UvDlychQm_ojwtEBrXV3YkHzWxcHT4Eix-vvYtdPnz8JHyL8q4bDkJv3cVVlvcbOPnJN-" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="519" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, let’s try to read “Block size” and “Block count” from “/dev/sdb1” using “dumpe2fs” command. We'd try to re-create partition of bigger size and verify the block count and block size and it should not change, if it changes then we'd need to create a bigger partition and verify again. Here, we go:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-f8571489-7fff-e3f8-e887-f5d7af63c136"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="79" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/yesADoECTw7cG0a-PIS_XWV_GHHsdpLypZWtieWjvLdtWMlYNASmpT8Xq_TrDoSFziae_wHtUW_tEpkHlfz6vtgU5PitWOYJCCln80XMBLKRzCoC0WY3VJGjCJfRUZlQAWe7Rh4b" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="530" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">At this stage, if you could just mount this device and check then we could see that the files that we had created are there, however, this partition is not of the correct size, hence, we’d need to figure out the correct size.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><script>
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</script><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Step 3: </span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Calculate the correct size of partition and re-created it.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Step 2”</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> we came to know that the “Block count” & “Block size” are as below:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Block count: </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">154617</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Block size: </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4096</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, let’s multiply both and see the total we get in bytes which is “633311232”. Since this value is in bytes, we’d need to convert this into further down into Kilo Bytes (KB), Mega Bytes (MB), Giga Bytes (GB), Tera Bytes (TB)..etc., as required.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">633311232 bytes == 618468 KB == 603.97265625 MB</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hence, we'd round of 603.97 to get </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">604MB.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, let’s delete the created partition “/dev/sdb1” and re-create with 604MB size. This may not be the correct size. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOTE: Please don’t run mkfs.ext4 on the newly created partition.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mount back the created partition and check if data exists:</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-b9b92fa0-7fff-4842-4a23-f45dbd358c4f"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="125" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/UgJb9ZIgsmy2JQwKsbpiwo4fCKGiuTUfy9K06liYtfuTLOOC5K5nZVE-x0j9oWNZ5kEA0Z17cV3Z3Xj743zqjTLMs8zRs7cNKGO-1LjJY3e3GWpTpmzYDP7a-6kGOI22lGgWHvfV" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="349" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><-> Yes, files are found.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Same way, let’s create second partition ‘/dev/sdb2’ and check if we could mount it to get data. So, at first I had created second partition with complete left out space in “sdb” and tried to find out “Block count” & “Block size”, but received an error as shown:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><img height="122" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/YGDVKR64IR1_dVwSEJHFaOxepK8ZTDnftQBVS39Hk5rdtKShE56ZJ7BPc6w_XA9BpBYL75BFTWlrI0Ryl3FVELufN7qWhow0P0kHVET9MhxbUgxd9BmkpHtNgNl5B4TT7YPU25x-" style="border: none; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 12pt; transform: rotate(0rad); white-space: pre-wrap;" width="553" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, let’s check if “/dev/sdb2” was being used as a physical volume for a volume group. This can be searched in <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>“/etc/lvm/backup”</b></span> folder since system would create a file with name of the volume group with all details after recent lvm operation.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="81" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/uGKvXQomLlsiFfAYcF5QUyLh244uQichgiU0spS6pU0soFD3Vifdi3_hnrUvGumV1n7EzIgoTyjuI4rKBS5cbl_4BhLWhQtOJBodlzf50kGn3HPkOwjdYjFQJparEY4VM6VJtgxE" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="563" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, that confirms that this device “/dev/sdb2” was used as physical volume for creating a volume group <span style="color: #cc0000;"><span><b>“datavg”</b></span>.</span> So, let’s get more details using the file <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>“/etc/lvm/backup/datavg”</b></span>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-96062f1c-7fff-367e-4e89-51634c4d3629"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="180" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/oV4yairElys8uzk9fqBxxFYYGdZJ8P-TZ2PI59XcxbNHCBOxU-zYiq664c80Tw0SwjmYSdr6n6fzvEdaoqYAgcMjiYY4mnibW6WrJRaWHOQNjYxULwtTeqjg1GrFHYe-xRt6qbiq" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">We know that we could run </span><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">“vgcfgrestore”</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> command to get back the metadata of the volume group “datavg”, so let’s see if this works now:</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="62" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/aDFlQFaPijiCRO3PIKBQQzTIPOGSxgZlaAHuG2uDwWc_CJjrEct2ghGzwwBFFgazOIxQhxXzgk82QeE8ANExnQDrKIftRpOSh2YvrqElssPgawWx0kv_NeU1JoAAasMh82hruAWv" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The restore of the "datavg" failed and error is pointing to the physical volume being not found. So, let’s verify the size of this PV in the lvm backup file and also the actual size:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">From the above output, it looks to me that the device of the size “1GB”, so let’s re-create the partition ‘/dev/sdb2’ with 1GB size and check if could restore the vg.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">No, we are still unable to restore the "datavg". It is because, boundaries of the device ‘/dev/sdb2’ is not accurate. This is because the first partition ‘/dev/sdb1’ is created with bigger size. So, looking at the device size which we got after calculation using “Block count” and “Block size” for ‘sdb1’ sounds incorrect. So, the size that we’d decided “604MB” is not correct and it has to be of size “600M”. Generally, we’d know whenever a new partition gets created it would be rounded off, so in this case we could say it should be of size “600M”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s restructure the partition layout now. We’d need to create first partition ‘/dev/sdb1’ with 600M size and second one ‘/dev/sdb2’ with 1GB size.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="174" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/mxvDxA2XKYq2o71nGOKc0gSBUlubeh63ymBqBIIJ_eWpmcNbjTPUif_JC_6H0LMVJXIsfHLJ6VNyHKqEfnyY-MVDjnOwgYJxlj7KvNn0Ldj26Mbjp2YlM43vrnD0uyjy4ZwI4O4v" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="548" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Step 4: </span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span>Mount the devices and check if data exists. If there is a volume group involved, then need to restore using “vgcfgrestore” command</span><span style="color: cyan;">.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">From the previous steps, we found that there needs to be two partitions ‘/dev/sdb1’ & ‘/dev/sdb2’ to be created with sizes as described earlier.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">I. Mount & Verify ‘/dev/sdb1’:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, let’s mount ‘/dev/sdb1’ on ‘/data1’ and check if files/data is available.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="73" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/LqaEaYNftG3EppCkE5Co4aCpmHIkCYQAki0LVGM-jkzZiCDQWCdcBzF1zqSM9EwRBS6k-kNPmpvWcHVqvH0dt0Uml9Fjpn5IfO5eEUrdR-FrGtRLb0KsJ5pUPkT5c1_piwKFZusJ" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="449" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, we got the data back for ‘/dev/sdb1’ device.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">II. Run ‘vgcfgrestore’ command and verify:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since, we know that the device ‘/dev/sdb2’ was used as a physical volume for the volume group “datavg”, let’s run the “vgcfgrestore” and check now.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="194" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Do7dIX5C9GV0pRvwDKppwiupha0EwFUBJa0usf7bB2MCcw9DqU3iF2bXYe-zaCSSyouSNpALputdnZhrnFcEYmQ3U-zlCc1jkNIBppWKyqCIF1e2QkT1kAPx7r-Lm6LvT1_GDnI" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yes, we are successful!</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> That has restored the vg ‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">datavg’</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Now, let’s try to mount it and check if we could get back the data. Since the ‘datavg’ is not yet active, we’d need to run another command to get activated as shown:</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="96" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/KCLBrysPPyncKd3EABxXvAr6ob2sQMx4l8fanOtZB7QVc1gRTa1nRJwol7osOIVcYUYsXq-XonO1k_Ihpa9rDHR7wCqCejRHhtv74FBu4dL3iyagIWMc3jMyEukvHPyIUMZJ9pmU" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="507" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">That's it… we got our data back !!!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>NOTE: As we’ve noticed that this approach needs a little bit trial/error efforts in identifying actual size of partitions. Also, we knew that there were only 2 partitions created on device ‘/dev/sdb’, in case there are more partitions then we’d need to continue as we did before.</i></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i><a href="https://www.simplylinuxfaq.com/2018/11/how-to-recover-accidentally-deleted-disk-partition-part2.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Continue reading...part2</a></i></b></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">*most of the posts are based on Red Hat variant operating system, commands and syntax might vary in other Linux variants.....</div>SimplyLinuxFAQhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08839502734806052619noreply@blogger.com12